Ukuthatha iBitcoin

Nge-Bitcoin, kufunyenwe uhlobo olutsha lwempahla… uhlobo lwempahla yedijithali, eyenziwa ziikhompyutha kwaye inxalenye yayo yenziwe ziikhompyutha. Uluntu luneembali zezinto ezibalulekileyo ezazisungulwe. Kwincwadi zembali eziza kubhalwa kwixesha elizayo, iBitcoin iza kudweliswa njengenye yezo zinto.
Prof. Dr. Philipp Sander

6.1.0 Ukunqongophala kwezoQoqosho

Kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, kuyaziwa kakuhle ukuba ukunqongophala ngumgaqo ophambili oqhuba ixabiso. Iimpahla neenkonzo ezifunwa kakhulu ziba nexabiso eliphezulu xa unikezelo luncitshisiwe kangangokuba imfuno ayinakuhlangatyezwa lula. Ukongeza, ukunqongophala kukhuthaza ukhuphiswano olukhulu kwaye kusebenza njengomqhubi wokufumanisa ixabiso kwimarike. Kwimarike enenkululeko, enobulungisa nenokhuphiswano oluvulekileyo, amaxabiso kufuneka azinzise kwinqanaba apho imfuno kunye nonikezelo zidlana khona. 

Izixhobo ezifunwa kakhulu zinokuthathwa njengezixabiseke ngakumbi ukuba ziphelelwe okanye kunzima ukuzifumana. Oku kungakhuthaza imfuno eyongezelelweyo kweso sixhobo njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike bekhuphisana ukufumana ukufikelela kuso. Le meko ibonakala kwizixhobo zendalo ezifana nezinyithi ezixabisekileyo, ioyile okanye ezibizwa ngokuba 'ziimpahla ezithambileyo' ezifana nokutya. Ukunqongophala, ke ngoko, kusekela izigqibo zoqoqosho, ukwabiwa kwezixhobo kunye neendleko zamathuba. Ehlabathini apho izixhobo zingapheliyo, yonke into ingafumaneka ngokulinganayo kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukunqongophala kuzisa ixabiso kwaye kukhuthaza urhwebo, utyalo-mali kunye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha njengoko kunyanzela uluntu ukuphatha izixhobo ezinqongopheleyo kakuhle.

6.1.1 Umceli-mngeni Wokunqongophala Kwedijithali

Umceli-mngeni wokunqongophala kwedijithali ulele ekubeni kulula kangakanani ukukopa nokusasaza ulwazi lwedijithali. Ulwazi lwedijithali luhlala kunzima ukulukhusela kunolwazi olusemzimbeni kuba, ngokungafaniyo neempahla ezibonakalayo - ezinye zazo 

ezinokunqongophala ngenxa yezithintelo zezinto eziphathekayo - izinto zedijithali ezifana neefayile zomculo, amaxwebhu okanye imifanekiso zinokuphindaphindwa ngokungenasiphelo phantse ngaphandle kweendleko. 

Ngokwesiko, ukukwazi ukuphinda-phinda idatha yedijithali kuthetha ukuba ezi zinto azinakuba nexabiso loqoqosho elifana neempahla ezibonakalayo kuba bezingenayo indlela yokunyanzelisa ukunqongophala. Kwiimali zedijithali, oku kuyinkxalabo enkulu kwaye kuchazwa njenge 'ingxaki yokuphinda-uchithe', apho iyunithi enye yedijithali (umzekelo, itokheni okanye imali) inokukopishwa kwaye isetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi, ngaloo ndlela iyinciphisa ixabiso layo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphinda-uchithe imali, oko kuyinciphisa ixabiso layo ngokuyenza ingahlukaniseki kwiimali ezizezinye okanye ezikhohlakeleyo. 

Ngokwesiko, amaziko emali agxilelweyo afana neebhanki athintela lo mngcipheko ngokugcina incwadi yokubhalisa etyikitya urhwebo ngalunye kwaye ithobe ibhalansi ngokufanelekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba imali isetyenziswe kube kanye kuphela ngumntu omnye. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ifuna igunya eliphakathi elithembekileyo okanye 'umthombo wolwazi' ukuphatha nokuvavanya urhwebo, nto leyo ebangela uxhomekeko kunye nendawo enye yolawulo. Ukuba nomthombo wolwazi ogxilelweyo kushiya iimpahla zedijithali zisesichengeni sokuphazamiseka kunye nokucinywa. 

Kwinkqubo ezimeleyo, enokuthenjwa encitshisiweyo njengeBitcoin, apho kungekho gunya liphakathi elikhoyo lokongamela urhwebo, ukuthintela ukuphinda-uchithe yinto enzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhwebo ngalunye luhlukile, iBitcoin ibingavulelekile ekuxhaphazweni, iyenze ingasebenzi kakuhle njengesitora sexabiso kunye nendlela ethembekileyo yokutshintshiselana. IBitcoin isombulula ingxaki yokuphinda-uchithe ngokusebenzisa incwadi yokubhalisa esasazeke, apho urhwebo luqinisekiswa ngababambiqhaza abaninzi benethiwekhi ngaxeshanye. Le ndlela ivumela iBitcoin ukuba igcine irekhodi elingaguqukiyo lorhwebo ngalunye, iqinisekisa ukuba ikhoyini nganye ingasetyenziswa kube kanye kuphela. 

Esi sisombululo sivelisa ukunqongophala kwedijithali ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kulawulo oluphakathi. IBitcoin izisa isisombululo sokuqala esiphumeleleyo sokunqongophala kwedijithali, ivula indlela yenkqubo yeempahla zedijithali ezinqongopheleyo, enokuthenjwa encitshisiweyo ngendlela eyayicingwa ingenakwenzeka ngaphambili.

6.1.2 Ukunyanzeliswa Kokunqongophala Kwedijithali ngeBitcoin

Siphakamisa isisombululo sengxaki yokuphinda-uchithe sisebenzisa iseva yokutyikitya ixesha esasazekileyo phakathi kwabantu ukuze kuveliswe ubungqina bokubala bokulandelelana korhwebo. Inkqubo ikhuselekile logama iinodi ezinyanisekileyo zilawula amandla eCPU angaphezulu kwalo naliphi na iqela labahlaseli abasebenzisana kunye.
Satoshi Nakamoto

USatoshi Nakamoto wadala iBitcoin njengesisombululo sobunjineli kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nemali ye-fiat. Nangona kunjalo, eso sisombululo safuna ukuba uSatoshi afumane indlela yokunyanzelisa ukunqongophala kwedijithali okupheleleyo. Ukuze afeze oku, uSatoshi waphuhlisa umgaqo-nkqubo wonxibelelwano ovulekileyo osebenza kwinethiwekhi yeekhompyutha okanye iinodi ezisasazekileyo. Iinodi nganye inekopi enokuthi iqinisekiswe yodwa yencwadi yokubhalisa engaguqukiyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-blockchain okanye i-timechain. Umgaqo-nkqubo weBitcoin uchaza imithetho kwaye inethiwekhi ezimeleyo iqinisekisa urhwebo, ilandela imithetho efanayo ngaphandle kokufuna igunya eliphakathi. 

Ukunqongophala kweBitcoin kunegalelo kwindima yayo njengesitora sexabiso. Njengokuba igolide inexabiso, iBitcoin ixabiseke hayi kuphela ngenxa yokunqongophala kwayo kodwa nangenxa yomgudu ofunekayo 'wokumba' okanye wokuvelisa iikhoyini ezintsha. Ukumba iBitcoin (inkqubo egcina incwadi yokubhalisa kwaye ikhuphe iikhoyini ezintsha) yinkqubo ebiza kakhulu, ifuna amandla ombane eninzi kwaye ifana nomsebenzi wokumba izimbiwa emhlabeni. Le 'proof-of-work' yedijithali inyanzelisa umda kwimveliso owenza iBitcoin ifane neempahla ezibonakalayo, inike iimpawu zokuqina kunye nokuqinisekiswa ezingenazo iimpahla zedijithali zemveli. Ubunzima obakhelwe ngaphakathi kunye nesantya esinciphayo sokukhutshwa kweekhoyini ezintsha ngenxa 'yokuncitshiswa' rhoqo kudala ulwakhiwo loqoqosho apho unikezelo lweBitcoin luba luncinane ngakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha, lonyusa umtsalane wayo njengesitora sexabiso sexesha elide. 

Kunyanzeliswa njani ukunqongophala kwedijithali? 

Isisombululo seBitcoin kwengxaki yokuphinda-uchithe sisezisetyenzisweni kwencwadi yokubhalisa esasazekileyo kwaye ebonwa ngumntu wonke. Incwadi yokubhalisa yeBitcoin ingathathwa njenge-database engaguqukiyo egcina irekhodi lorhwebo ngalunye kuluhlu olulandelelanayo lweebhetshi ezityikitywe ngexesha, ezibizwa ngokuba ziibhloko. Ibhloko nganye ilandelelana ngokungqongqo kwaye iqulethe urhwebo oluqinisekiswe kwaye lwamkelwe ngababambiqhaza benethiwekhi. Ibhloko nganye idityaniswe kule yangaphambili, idala irekhodi elingunaphakade elisasazwa kwiinkulungwane zeenodi kwihlabathi lonke. Ngokugcina nokwabelana ngale ncwadi yokubhalisa kwinethiwekhi ezasazekileyo, iBitcoin isusa imfuneko yogunya oluphakathi ukuqinisekisa urhwebo. Xa urhwebo lweBitcoin lwenzeka, iinodi kwinethiwekhi ziyaluqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba lusebenzisa kube kanye kuphela. Le ncwadi yokubhalisa esabelwana ngayo yenza kube nzima kakhulu kubahlaseli ukuba bagqekeze inethiwekhi okanye batshintshe urhwebo lwangaphambili, kuba naluphi na utshintsho lufuna imvume kwinani elikhulu lababambiqhaza benethiwekhi.

Indlela yeBitcoin yeProof-of-Work (PoW) yomeleza ngakumbi ukhuseleko lwayo lokuthintela ukuphinda-uchithe ngokufuna ukuba abavukuzi basombulule ingxaki ye-cryptography ukuze bafumane imvume yokuqinisekisa urhwebo olutsha nokudala ibhloko entsha. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba kukumba, ifuna amandla okusebenza kwekhompyutha kwaye yongeza inqanaba lobunzima kunye neendleko ekutshintsheni incwadi yokubhalisa. Ibhloko nganye eyongezwa kwincwadi yokubhalisa kufuneka iqulethe ikhonkco le-cryptography kwibhloko yangaphambili, nto leyo eqinisa ukuthembeka kolu chungechunge kwaye ithintele ukuphazamiseka.

Indima ye-node kukugcina eyona kopi yangoku yencwadi yokubhalisa, equlethe imbali epheleleyo yorhwebo. Iinodi zigcina abavukuzi 'benyanisekile' kuba ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho kuphinda-uchithe kwenzekileyo kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba zonke iikhoyini zenziwe ngokuhambelana neshedyuli yokukhutshwa kweBitcoin. Nawuphi na umsebenzisi weBitcoin angakwazi ukuqhuba i-node kwaye aqinisekise ubunini bakhe beekoyini ngaphandle kokufuna ukuthembela kumntu wesithathu. Akukho mfuneko yamagunya okusombulula iingxabano kwiBitcoin kuba nawuphi na urhwebo olufakwe kwibhloko lusemthethweni ngokwenene. 

Umhlaseli angalawula njani inethiwekhi yeBitcoin?

Ukuba umhlaseli efuna ukutshintsha urhwebo lwangaphambili ukuze aphumelele kuhlaselo lokuphinda-uchithe, kuya kufuneka aphinde enze iProof-of-Work yebhloko leyo kunye nazo zonke iibhloko ezilandelayo, ekhuphisana namandla okusebenza adityanisiweyo enethiwekhi yonke. Le ndlela yokhuseleko iqinisekisa ukuba, ukuba umntu uzama ukuphinda-uchithe, kuya kufuneka alawule ngaphezulu kwe-50% yamandla okumba enethiwekhi ukuze aphumelele. Oku kwaziwa njengehlaselo le-51%.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeBitcoin, xa kwakunokwenzeka ukuba umntu omnye enze okanye akhuphe iibhloko ezintsha esebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha eziqhelekileyo, kwakungenakwenzeka ngokwe-theory ukufaka amandla okusebenza anele ukuphumeza uhlaselo lwe-51%. Namhlanje, amandla okusebenza adityanisiweyo kwinethiwekhi yeProof-of-Work adlula i-700 ExaHash/s. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokudibeneyo, iikhompyutha ezimba zenza iihashe ezingaphezu kwe-700 quintillion (iikhompyutheyishini ze-cryptography) ngomzuzwana ngamnye. Sifikile kwinqanaba apho iindleko ezinkulu kunye nentsebenziswano efunekayo ukutshintsha incwadi yokubhalisa kunye nempumelelo kuhlaselo lwe-51% yenza ukuphinda-uchithe kungasebenziyo ngokwenene.

Ukuqinisekiswa kunye noHlaziyo lweBlockchain

Olunye uluhlu lokhuseleko (oluhlala lungahoywa) luvela kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa urhwebo yeBitcoin. Xa urhwebo lusasazwa okokuqala, luthathwa njengolungaqinisekiswanga kwaye luqokelelwa kwi-'mempool' ngelixa lulindele ukufakwa kwibhloko kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngabavukuzi. Xa urhwebo sele lufakwe kwibhloko luthathwa njengoluqinisekisiweyo. Ibhloko nganye eyongezwa emva koko ithathwa njengokuqinisekiswa okongezelelweyo kolo rhwebo. Ngelixa urhwebo luthathwa njengolusemthethweni xa sele lufumene ukuqinisekiswa kube kanye, aluthathwa njengolugqityiweyo de kufakwe ukuqinisekiswa okongezelelweyo.

Ukufumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, abasebenzisi beBitcoin bahlala belinda ukuqinisekiswa okuninzi (ngokuqhelekileyo six), kuba ibhloko nganye eyongezwa kwi-blockchain iqinisa ngakumbi urhwebo, inciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuphumelela kohlaselo lokuphinda-uchithe. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa imisela ixesha apho urhwebo luqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Kutheni kulindelwa ukuqinisekiswa kwesithandathu?

Abasebenzisi beBitcoin balinda ukuqinisekiswa okongezelelweyo kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ibhloko yakutshanje yorhwebo ingasuswa kwikhonkco leebhloko, ukuba ingasenguye owona mkhono mde. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukumba yikhuphiswano phakathi kweepuli ezinkulu zamandla okusebenza. Ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba abavukuzi ababini abakhuphisana bafumane isisombululo se-cryptography esisebenzayo kwaye iibhloko ezahlukeneyo zongezwe kwikhonkco ngexesha elisondeleyo. Ukuba oko kwenzeka, ikhonkco liyasikwa. Abavukuzi baya kuqhubeka bezama ukongeza iibhloko kwicandelo ngalinye lekhonkco. Nangona kunjalo, xa ibhloko elandelayo imbiwa, owona mkhono mde1 (ochazwa njengomkhono oneproof-of-work enkulu) ngulo uphumelela kwaye ibhloko ekumkhono omfutshane 'iyalahlwa' kwaye ayisebenzi. Zonke iintengiselwano ezikwibhloko elahliweyo zibuyiselwa kwi-mempool ukuze zifakwe kwibhloko esebenzayo kamva. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukuhlaziywa okanye ngokulula, 'reorg'.

Umntu onobubi, ozama ukuphinda-uchithe, kufuneka alawule inethiwekhi ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze 'ahlaziye' ikhonkco. Njengoko sibonile ngasentla, ukufumana ulawulo olupheleleyo kufuna amandla okusebenza amakhulu kakhulu, kodwa kotheni ukuba umsebenzi wokumba omkhulu - onokulawula ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samandla okusebenza kwinethiwekhi - uzama ukuphinda-uchithe iikhoyini? 

Masiqhubeke nomzekelo:

Masithi, umzekelo, amandla opopayi apheleleyo womnatha weBitcoin yi-550 ExaHash/s. U-Rogue Inc, olawula i-200 ExaHash/s, wenza ukuthenga okukhulu kwezakhiwo aze acwangcise ukuhlawula ngeBitcoin. Nangona kunjalo, uRogue ukwaceba ukuzama ukwenza i-double-spend kweemali ezifanayo. Umthengisi uxelela uRogue ukuba uza kulinda ukuqinisekiswa kwezithandathu phambi kokuba anikezele ngemibhalo yobunini. Ukuze aphumelele kuhlaselo lwe-double-spend, uRogue kufuneka akhe icala elahlukileyo kwikhonkco ngokufihlakeleyo, eqhuba ipopayi kwikhonkco elide eliqulathe intengiselwano ye-double-spend. Xa umthengisi sele ebone ukuqinisekiswa kwezithandathu eziqulathe intengiselwano yakhe aze anikezele ngempahla, uRogue kufuneka emva koko alayishe zonke iibhloko azipopayileyo kwicala elitsha, enze elo khonkco libe lide kunawo onke. Kungenzeka kangakanani oku?

Nangawuphi na umzuzu, amathuba okuba uRogue aphumelele ipopayi elandelayo yi-200/550 = 0.36. Nokuba uRogue yeyona pool inkulu yokumba, amathuba okuba abavukuzi abathembekileyo bafumane ibhloko elandelayo yi-1 - 0.36 = 0.64. Iibhloko kufuneka zipopaywe ngokukhawuleza kwikhonkco elithembekileyo. Kodwa masithi uRogue unethamsanqa, upopaye ibhloko aze ayigcine ifihlakele. Emva koko uzama ukumba enye kwelo cala lifihlakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ikhonkco elithembekileyo lipopaya ibhloko aze libe phambili ngokumba enye, phambi kokuba uRogue apopaye eyesibini.

URogue emva koko uyayeka. Kutheni?

Umthombo: Isekwe kwitheyibhile encwadini ethi Grokking Bitcoin ebhalwe nguKalle Rosenbaum

URogue uqonda ukuba akanawo amandla okwaneleyo okumba ukuze aphumelele kwi-double spend, nangona elawula i-36% yamandla okumba eBitcoin. Ukuze aphumelele kufuneka apopaye ezinye iibhloko ezine ukuze adlule ikhonkco elithembekileyo. Nangona enawo amandla amakhulu ekhompyutha kwaye elawula i-36% yenethiwekhi, amathuba kaRogue okuphumelela angama-0.100113 kuphela.

6.1.3 Ngaba Ukugxila Kwezimayini Kuyingozi?

Njengoko kubonisiwe kwitheyibhile engentla, ukugxila kwezimayini kunokubangela umngcipheko kwi-My First Bitcoin yokhuseleko lwe-double-spend, kuba kunyusa amathuba ohlaselo lwe-51% - imeko apho umvukuzi omnye okanye iqela labavukuzi lilawula ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samandla ekhompyutha yenethiwekhi. Ukuba oku kwenzeka, umbutho olawulayo unokutshintsha intengiselwano zakutshanje okanye azame i-double-spend ngokubhala kwakhona i-ledger, emvumela ukuba asebenzise iimali ezifanayo ngaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye.

Imeko enjalo yonakalisa ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi yeBitcoin ngokunika igunya elingalinganiyo kubantu abambalwa ekuqinisekiseni iintengiselwano. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunokwenzeka ngokwethiyori, ukwenza uhlaselo lwe-51% kuya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kubize kakhulu, kufuna izixhobo zekhompyutha ezinkulu, umbane, kunye nentsebenziswano, nto leyo enokudlula izibonelelo ezinokufunyanwa ngokuzama i-double-spend.

Zikhona izikhuselo ezinceda ukunciphisa imingcipheko yokugxila kwezimayini. Iipuli zokumba, umzekelo, zivumela abavukuzi abancinci ukuba badibanise izixhobo kwaye babelane ngemivuzo yeebhloko, kunciphisa ulawulo lombutho omnye. Nangona le yindlela eluncedo yokuba abavukuzi abancinci bathathe inxaxheba kwinethiwekhi, kukho umngcipheko wokuba umbutho olawula ipuli angaziphatha kakubi aze azame ukuhlasela inethiwekhi. Nangona kunjalo, ukucaca kwe-ledger yeBitcoin kuthetha ukuba naluphi na ugxininiso lwamandla okumba luyabonakala, lulumkisa uluntu ngemingcipheko enokwenzeka kwaye luvumela amanyathelo okhuseleko. Abavukuzi bayazi kakuhle ukuba naluphi na uhlaselo kwi-My First Bitcoin luyingozi kakhulu kwixabiso layo, ngoko kulula kakhulu kubavukuzi abancinci ukutshintsha ipuli ukuze bangasebenzisi amandla abo okumba ngendlela engalunganga. Nangona umngcipheko ungengomnye, ubume obuvulekileyo nobusasazeke kwe-My First Bitcoin, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zohlaselo, kwenza ukuba ukugxila kwezimayini kube ngumngcipheko otheoriyali ngakumbi kunalowo usondeleyo, kuba ukugcina ulawulo olunjalo ixesha elide kuya kuba yindleko enkulu kakhulu kunoma ngubani ohlaselayo.

6.1.4 Impembelelo ebanzi yokunqongophala kwedijithali

IBitcoin itshintshe indlela esicinga ngayo ngobunqongophala kwindawo yedijithali. Kuba iimpahla zedijithali - ezifana nesoftware, iifayile zomculo, iincwadi zedijithali, kunye nomxholo okwi-intanethi - zineempawu ezizahlula kwezo zimpahla zibonakalayo, zinokuphindwa ngokulula kakhulu kwaye zabelwane ngazo kwangoko. Ngokungafaniyo nezinto zibonakalayo, ezibotshelelwe kwiingxaki ezifana neendleko zokuvelisa kunye nemida yokugcina, iimpahla zedijithali zikhona njenge data enokuphindwa izihlandlo ezininzi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nomgangatho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngelixa iimpahla zibonakalayo zinobunqongophala ngenxa yezi ngxaki zibonakalayo, iimpahla zedijithali zihlala zininzi, zinganazo iindlela zokuthintela inani lazo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iimpahla zedijithali azikhuphisani. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yedijithali ngumntu omnye akunciphisi ukufumaneka kwale mpahla kwabanye. Umzekelo, xa ingoma ikhutshelwa, ingaphindwa kwaye isasazwe izihlandlo ezininzi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nexabiso layo. Kwimbali, le ngxakeka inika umngeni ekudaleni ixabiso, kuba imodeli yezoqoqosho yesiko yokunikezelwa kunye nemfuno iyaphazamiseka xa inikezelo lingapheliyo, ubuncinane kwithiyori. Ukuphendula oku, ulawulo lwamalungelo edijithali (DRM) kunye nezinye iindlela zokwenza ubunqongophala bezinto zedijithali ziye zazama ukuthintela ukufikelela. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zinokugatywa kwaye zixhomekeke kwigunya eliphakathi. Ubugcisa beBitcoin bubonakala ngendlela esombulula ngayo le ngxaki ngokwendalo, iyenza ibe yeyokuqala kwimpahla yedijithali enobunqongophala obakhelwe ngaphakathi kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji esekwe kulawulo olwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwezi zithintelo zesiko.

IBitcoin idlala indima enkulu ekumiseleni ubunqongophala bedijithali ngokwazisa inkqubo eqinisekisa inani elilinganiselweyo. Umda we-21 yezigidi zeemali ubhalwe ngokusisigxina kwinkqubo kwaye lo mda awunakutshintshwa ngaphandle kwemvumelwano yenethiwekhi. Oko kukuthi, bonke amawaka abathathi-nxaxheba abasasazeke kwihlabathi liphela abaqhuba ii-node zeBitcoin. Ngale ndlela, iBitcoin idale impahla efana nobunqongophala bezinto ezifana negolide, ngelixa ikhona ngokupheleleyo kwindawo yedijithali. Lo mda unesiseko kwixabiso leBitcoin kwaye ugcinwa ngendibaniselwano ye-cryptography, iindlela zemvumelwano, kunye nekhowudi evulekileyo necacileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinethiwekhi balandela imithetho efanayo kwaye bakhuthazwa ngenzuzo yezoqoqosho ephambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba inani leemali lilinganiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye linokuboniswa.

Ngokusombulula ingxaki yokuphindaphinda ukusetyenziswa kwemali, iBitcoin ithintela ukonyuka kwexabiso okanye ukuphindaphindwa kwempahla, umngeni owawuhlupha iinzame zangaphambili zemali yedijithali. KwiBitcoin, akukho gunya linye elilawula inani leemali, nto leyo eyenza ingachaphazeleki kulawulo oluphakathi olufana nolwenzeka kwinkqubo yemali yesiqhelo, njengokuprintwa kwemali ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ukuncitshiswa kwayo. Olu tshintsho luvumela iBitcoin ukuba isebenze njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso kunye nokhuseleko ngokuchasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, iyenza ibe kwindawo eyodwa efana 'negolide yedijithali' - impahla yedijithali enqabileyo enexabiso elinokuboniswa.

6.1.5 Isiphelo

Ukugqiba, kuyacaca ngakumbi ukuba ubugcisa beBitcoin bokwenza ubunqongophala bedijithali butshintshe ingcamango yemali. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kuyalibaleka ukuba iBitcoin itshintshe nendawo yedijithali ngokusombulula ingxaki ende yokudala ubunqongophala kwihlabathi ledijithali elihlala lininzi. IBitcoin izise udidi olutsha lwempahla yedijithali efana neempawu zezinto zibonakalayo.

Olu phuhliso lubonisa ukuba inkqubo esekwe kulawulo olwahlukeneyo inokumisa ubunqongophala, ukungaguquguquki kunye nexabiso ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kugunya oluphakathi. Ukongeza, inokusebenzisa ngaphaya kwemali kuba iphefumlele icandelo lonke lophando nophuhliso malunga nale teknoloji.

Ukusajonga phambili, imodeli yeBitcoin yobunqongophala bedijithali iyila ikamva lemali kunye nendawo yokugcina ixabiso. Njengoko inkxalabo malunga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nemibuzo malunga nolawulo lwemali yesiqhelo isiba icacile, inani elilinganiselweyo leBitcoin liyenza ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi njengokhuseleko ngokuchasene nokungazinzi kwezemali kwesiqhelo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukufunyanwa kobunqongophala bedijithali yiBitcoin kunokuphawula ukuqala kotshintsho olukhulu, apho iimpahla zedijithali ezinobunqongophala obuqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuthembeka okuqinisekisiweyo zifumana ukuqondwa njengezinto zexabiso kuqoqosho lwale mihla, ziseka isiseko sekamva lezemali ezilawulwa luluntu kunye nobunini bedijithali. Oku kunefuthe elikhulu kwicandelo lezoqoqosho - iBitcoin ibonelele ngemodeli yokuba ubunqongophala kunye nexabiso zingabakho njani ngendlela yedijithali.

Ngaphandle kobunqongophala bedijithali, iBitcoin ikwangumzekelo wokuqala wobunqongophala obupheleleyo, yodwa impahla ethengiswayo (yedijithali okanye ebonakalayo) enenani elimiselweyo elingenakunyuswa. Kude kube kufunyanwa iBitcoin, ubunqongophala belusoloko luhlobene, hayi olupheleleyo.
Sipho

Amanqaku

1. Ikhonkco elide yamkelwa ngama-node eBitcoin njengenguqulelo ethembekileyo yencwadi-mali njengoko ichaziwe njengekhonkco elithathe umzamo omkhulu (okanye ubungqina bomsebenzi obukhulu) ukuyakha. Fumana ulwazi olungakumbi apha: https://learnmeabitcoin.com/technical/blockchain/longest-chain/

6.2.0 Intshayelelo

Ke ndinayo iBitcoin. Ndingayisebenzisa ntoni?

Uninzi lwethu sele luyivile le mibuzo (mhlawumbi inencasa yokugxeka) kubantu abangathandabuzekiyo ukuba iBitcoin iza kwamkelwa ngokubanzi njengemali. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo (kwaye ichanekile) ukuba, okwangoku, le teknoloji ayikamkelwa ngokubanzi, nangona sele isebenza ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15.

Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba iBitcoin iphoswe lithuba layo lokwamkelwa ngokubanzi? Okanye, sisasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yokwamkelwa kwale teknoloji? Singawujonga njani umkhondo wokwamkelwa kwezinye iitekhnoloji ezitsha kwimbali ukuze sifumane umkhombandlela wokukhula kweBitcoin ngoku kunye nendlela enokulandela ngayo kwixesha elizayo? Ngaba ikhona indlela eqhelekileyo yokuphendula le mibuzo?

6.2.1 Umzekelo kaRogers Wokwamkelwa Kweetekhnoloji

Ngo-1962, uprofesa wezoshishino u-Everett Rogers wacebisa umzekelo wokwamkelwa kweetekhnoloji encwadini yakhe ethi,Diffusion of Innovations. Iingcinga zakhe zaba nodumo ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabaphandi kunye nabashishina kwaye zisacaphulwa kakhulu nanamhlanje.

Umzekelo kaRogers ucebisa izinto ezintlanu eziphambili kwinkqubo yokwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji, ezihlelwa zibe ziindidi zabathengi abamkela itekhnoloji entsha kwaye ziboniswa kwigophe le-bell curve. Iindidi ezintlanu zikaRogers zihlelwa ngokweemeko zentlalo. Zezi:

• Abasunguli (2.5% yabantu) – Ngaba ngabaqulunqi bale teknoloji ngokwabo kunye nabo bavuma ukuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu kuba banemali eninzi okanye basondele kakhulu kwimithombo yetekhnoloji okanye kwabanye abasunguli.
• Abamkeli Bokuqala (13.5% yabantu) – Baziingcali ezithathwa njengabakhokeli beengcinga. Baphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiitekhnoloji ezintsha kuba bacinga phambili kwezentlalo kwaye/okanye banemali eninzi kunezinye iindidi.
• Uninzi Lokuqala (34% yabantu) – Le ndidi ilungele ukwamkela itekhnoloji kwangoko, nangona kuphela xa sele kubonakele ukuba iyasebenza. Le ndidi inokuba nayo abakhokeli beengcinga, nangona beqhele ukuba ngabanomonde ngakumbi kunabamkeli bokuqala.
• Uninzi Olulibazisekileyo (34% yabantu) – Le ndidi inomonde kakhulu kwaye inokuba nokungathandabuzi ngakumbi kunabanye abathengi.
• Abalibazisekayo (16% yabantu) – Le ndidi ayithandi utshintsho. Banokwamkela itekhnoloji entsha kuphela xa kunyanzelekile okanye ngenxa yokuba iindlela ezindala sele ziphelelwe lixesha.

Ukusuka kubamkeli bokuqala ukuya kuninzi lokuqala ngamanye amaxesha kuchazwa njenge Ukutsiba Umlambo Omkhulu (Crossing the Chasm). Le ngcinga yaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yencwadi kaGeoffrey A. Moore, eyapapashwa ngo-1991. Ukutsiba lo mlambo kuthetha utshintsho lwabathengi ukusuka kubathandi beetekhnoloji kunye nababonayo ikamva, ukuya kubantu abathatha itekhnoloji ngenxa yemfuneko kunye nokulula. UMoore uthi ukutsiba lo mlambo yeyona nxalenye inzima kwitekhnoloji entsha, kodwa xa sele yenzekile, kuthetha ukuba itekhnoloji ingena kwinqanaba elitsha lokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye inamandla amakhulu emva kwayo.

6.2.2 Imbali Yokwamkelwa Kwe-Intanethi

Ngeli xesha kuluncedo ukubuyela umva kancinci kwaye siqwalasele indlela iBitcoin ekhule ngayo xa ithelekiswa ne-intanethi ngokwayo. Olu luthelekiso olufundisayo kuba, njengentanethi, iBitcoin isekwe kwisoftware evulekileyo kwaye inethiwekhi yayo ifumaneka kwihlabathi lonke kuye nabani na onokufikelela kwizixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

Intanethi esiyaziyo namhlanje yaqala ngokusekwa kwe-ARPANET kwiSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Itekhnoloji yakhula kule minyaka ilandelayo ngokuphuhliswa kweprotokholi ye-TCP/IP kunye nokuqaliswa konxibelelwano lwe-imeyile. Ngo-1983, ukusungulwa kwe-Domain Name System (DNS) kwabhengeza utshintsho oluya kwintanethi yale mihla kwaye uphuhliso olulandelayo olubalulekileyo lwenzeka ngo-1990 ngokusungulwa kwe-World Wide Web, eyakhiwe kwi-protokholi ye-HTTP. Phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1990, kwaziswa abakhangeli bokuqala bewebhu kunye nokuqaliswa kweenkonzo zorhwebo ze-intanethi, ezifana ne-AOL. Ngelo xesha, ukukhangela iwebhu kunye ne-imeyile (eyakhiwe kwi-protokholi ye-SMTP) kwakusiba yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi koluntu lwetekhnoloji.

Ngo-1997, kwaqala ukunyuka kotyalo-mali kwiinkampani ze-dot-com kwaye amaqonga orhwebo afana neAmazon kunye ne-eBay aba nodumo olukhulu. Abakhangeli bokuqala be-intanethi nabo baqalwa ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi ngelo xesha. Ukusilela kweenkampani ezininzi zokuqala ezisekwe kwi-intanethi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000 (okubizwa ngokuba yi-dot-com crash) kwanciphisa utyalo-mali kwicandelo kodwa kwaphucula amashishini aqhubayo kwaye anenzuzo.

Ukuvela kwe-intanethi ye-broadband phakathi kweminyaka yoo-2000 kwenza ukuba kube nokudityaniswa okukhawulezayo kwaye kwavumela uphuhliso lwezicelo ezikhawulezayo ezifana nemidlalo ye-intanethi kunye nokusasazwa kweefilimu. Ngelo xesha, amaqonga okuqala onxibelelwano lwentlalo, afana neFacebook kunye neTwitter, atsala izigidi zabasebenzisi abatsha be-intanethi kwaye ukukhutshwa kwe-iPhone kwazisa uluhlu lwezicelo ezitsha eziphathwayo.

I-cloud computing yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwiminyaka yoo-2010, yenza ukuba kube nezimodeli zesoftware njengenkonzo, iinkonzo zokusasaza kunye ne-apps eziphathwayo. Kwaye, njengoko kuthuthukiswa iinethiwekhi ezikhawulezayo eziphathwayo (3G, 4G njl.), imimandla emininzi eyayingenayo unxibelelwano olukhawulezayo yakwazi ukudityaniswa.

6.2.3 Ukuthelekisa iBitcoin kunye neeProtokholi ze-Intanethi

I-Bitcoin NjengeProtokholi Esisiseko

Njengoko iBitcoin isisiseko seprotokholi ye-'intanethi yexabiso', kuluncedo ukuyithelekisa ne-TCP/IP, esisiseko seprotokholi yonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. IBitcoin, njengale TCP/IP, ibonelela ngomaleko osisiseko weenkqubo zezicelo kunye nezinye iiprotocol ezintsha zokugcina kunye nokuhambisa ixabiso.

I-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) yiprotocol yomaleko wezicelo ehleli ngaphezulu kwe-TCP/IP kwaye inceda ukuhanjiswa kwamaphepha ewebhu phakathi kweseva kunye nabakhangeli. Xa kuthelekiswa, i-Lightning Network yeBitcoin isebenza njengeprotokholi yokuhambisa intlawulo, ivumela iintengiselwano ezikhawulezayo nezixabisa kancinci ezinokuhlala kumaleko osisiseko weBitcoin kamva.

Ezinye izisombululo zomaleko wezicelo ezifana neLiquid network zivumela iintengiselwano ezikhawulezayo, ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinye iimpawu ezitsha. Ezinye iiprotocol ezingekaveli zinokuphucula iminikelo, i-tipping, ukuhlawula umyalezo ngamnye okanye ukusasaza ixabiso kumxholo wemidiya.

Nangona kukho ukufana okuthile phakathi kweeprotokholi ezakhiwe kwiBitcoin kunye nezo ze-intanethi phambi kwayo, kwadlula iminyaka eli-17 phakathi kokwaziswa kwe-TCP/IP (1974) kunye ne-HTTP (1991). Oku kwahlukile kwizisombululo zomaleko wezicelo kwiBitcoin (Lightning kunye neLiquid) ezaziswa ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi emva kokusungulwa kweBitcoin – oku kubonisa umjikelo wokwamkelwa okhawulezayo. Oku akumangalisi kuba intanethi ngokwayo yavula indlela yokusasazwa kolwazi lwedijithali, nto leyo eyenze ulwazi malunga nenethiwekhi yeBitcoin lwakhawuleza ukusasazeka kwihlabathi.

I-Bitcoin NjengeProtokholi Yesicelo

Ngokwahlukileyo, endaweni yokubona iBitcoin njengomaleko osisiseko ofana ne-TCP/IP, sinokuyithathela ingqalelo njengendawo ekhethekileyo ngaphakathi kwinqwelo yeprotokholi ye-intanethi esele ikhona, iyolula ukuze ivumele utshintshiselwano lwexabiso. Ngale ndlela singayicinga iBitcoin njengomaleko osisiseko 'wokuhambisa ixabiso', njengoko i-HTTP isiseko sokuhanjiswa komxholo wewebhu. Zombini ezi zihlala ngaphezulu kwe-TCP/IP njengomaleko osisiseko wonxibelelwano lwedatha.

Njengoko i-bitcoin (ixabiso) izakuzinzisa njengexabiso elikhulu lokugcina ubutyebi behlabathi, iBitcoin (iprotocol) inokuba ngumgangatho wehlabathi wokuhlala kwezorhwebo ezisekwe kwi-intanethi.

Nokuba siyithelekisa njani iBitcoin nophuhliso lwe-intanethi yale mihla, kuyacaca ukuba sisasekuqaleni kuphuhliso lweBitcoin.

6.2.4 IBitcoin kunye Nomjikelo Wokwamkelwa Kwetekhnoloji

Ngexesha lokudala i-'Genesis Block' yeBitcoin ngoJanuwari 2009 (kwaye mhlawumbi iinyanga ezimbalwa emva koko), le teknoloji yayisaziwa kuphela ngumbutho omncinane wabangeneleli be-'cypherpunk'. Ukuya kuthi ga namhlanje, abaphathi beempahla abakhulu baseWall Street banikezela ngeemveliso zorhwebo kunye nezisombululo zokugcina ezithengisa amakhulu ezigidi ze-euro yonke imihla.

Sibuyela kumzekelo kaRogers wokwamkelwa, kwinqanaba liphi iBitcoin ikuyo ngoku? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka sijonge imbali yeBitcoin kunye neempawu zayo zokwamkelwa.

* Ukusetyenziswa kwamanqanaba kunye nemihla engezantsi zizimvo kwaye abahlalutyi, ngokuqinisekileyo, banoluvo lwabo kunye nendlela yabo yokutolika!

Abasunguli (2009-2015)

Abamkeli: Abangeneleli bokuqala be-'cypherpunk' okanye iingcali ze-cryptography kunye nabo banomdla kwengcinga yemali ezimeleyo, eyazalelwa kwi-intanethi. Eli nqanaba laquka nabantu abakholelwa kwinkululeko kunye nabathandi beetekhnoloji okanye intanethi abasakhulayo. Abanye abatyalomali bokuqala nabo bangene kwiinkampani ezisakhulayo eziphanda amathuba eBitcoin okanye itekhnoloji yayo esisiseko yokugcina kunye nentlawulo.

Iziganeko Ezibalulekileyo:

• 2009: Ukukhutshwa kwephepha elimhlophe leBitcoin nguSatoshi Nakamoto.
• 2010: Ukwenziwa kwe-'Genesis Block' nge-algorithm ye-Proof-of-Work kunye norhwebo lokuqala lwezorhwebo lwe-10,000 BTC ngeepizza ezimbini.
• 2012: 'Halving' yokuqala efaka ishedyuli yokuncipha kokukhutshwa kweBitcoin.
• 2011-2013: Ukunyuka kweendawo zokutshintshiselana ezifana ne-Mt. Gox kunye nokusetyenziswa kwi ‘dark web’ (Silk Road).
• 2013-2015: Ukunyuka okukhulu kwexabiso kukhokelela ekwandeni kolwazi.

Abamkeli bokuqala (2016-2022)

Abamkeli: Iingcali zengqalasizinda yetekhnoloji ezakha kwaye zaphucula iimveliso ezinxulumene nazo, ezifana nezixhobo zokumba kunye neewallet. Iindawo zokutshintshiselana ezilula kumsebenzisi zanceda ukwamkelwa okukhulu ngabathengi. Abatyali-mali bokuqala beziko baqalisa ukuthatha inxaxheba (Microstrategy, Tesla) kwaye umphathi weempahla omkhulu (Fidelity) wanikela ngokugcinwa kwe-bitcoin. Nangona kunjalo, ukungathandabuzi kwahlala phakathi kwezemali zemveli, kungancedwanga kukungacaci kwemigaqo-nkqubo kumazwe aphuhlileyo kunye nokugubungela okubi kwimithombo yeendaba ephambili, kugxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okukhulu kweBitcoin kunye nemibono malunga nendima yayo kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwe aqala ukuphanda iBitcoin kunye netekhnoloji yayo esisiseko ngenjongo yokukhupha imali yedijithali kwixesha elizayo.

Iziganeko Ezibalulekileyo: 

• 2016: Ukwahluka okukhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi malunga nendlela iBitcoin ekufanele ihambe ngayo (Iimfazwe zeBlocksize).
• 2017: Imithombo yeendaba ephambili ixela ngokuqhushumba kwexabiso ukuya malunga ne-$20,000 ngeBTC.
• 2018: Inethiwekhi yeLightning yakhululwa ukuvumela iintlawulo ezikhawulezayo.
• 2020: Inkampani yesoftware yezoShishino iMicrostrategy ibhengeza isicwangciso seBitcoin sokugcina imali.
• 2021/2022: Ukunyuka kwexabiso kuthatha iBTC ngaphezulu kwe-$60,000.
• 2021: I-El Salvador iba lilizwe lokuqala ukwamkela iBitcoin njengemali esemthethweni.

Uninzi Lwangethuba / Ukutsiba Umlambo (2023-2029)

Abamkeli: Amaziko emali emveli anikela ngeemveliso ezinxulumene neBitcoin ngenxa yokucaca okuphucukileyo kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Abantu ngabanye kunye neenkampani batyala imali ngenxa yezizathu ezisebenzayo okanye zolawulo lomngcipheko. Amazwe aqhubeka nokuphanda ukusetyenziswa kweBitcoin njengenxalenye yesicwangciso-mali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wemali, amanye enza utyalo-mali olukhulu. Ukuchasa phakathi kwezemali zemveli kuqala ukuphuka, nangona imiqobo emikhulu yemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemfundo isekhona kubantu ngabanye nakwiinkampani.

Iziganeko Ezibalulekileyo (okwangoku):

• 2023/2024: I-Microstrategy iyakhawulezisa inkqubo yokuthenga iBTC kwaye iphanda ngeendlela ezintsha zemali zenkampani.
• 2024: Abadlali abaninzi bezezimali zemveli basungula ii-ETF zeBitcoin e-US, eziba zezona mveliso zeETF zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwimbali.
• 2023/2024: inani elincinci leemali zomhlala-phantsi e-US/UK naseKhanada lenza utyalo-mali lokuqala.
• 2024: Ukugubungela kweendaba eziphambili kuba kokukhuthazayo kwaye uhlaselo kwiBitcoin luqala ukuncipha.
• Ekupheleni kuka-2024: Umgqatswa kaMongameli ‘othanda iBitcoin’ uphumelela ukhetho lwase-US.

Uninzi Olulibazisekileyo / Abangasemva (2030 ukuya phambili)?

Abamkeli: Ngexesha loMjikelo woLwamkelo Olulibazisekileyo, iBitcoin inokuba yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengemali yokugcina imali yezezimali. Ngelo xesha, abadlali bezezimali zemveli banokwamkela ukuba ‘Isicwangciso seBitcoin’ sibalulekile ukuze baphile – isiqubulo siba ‘lungisa okanye ufe’ ngelo xesha.

Iinkqubo zemali ye-fiat ziba zingazinzanga ngakumbi njengoko imali iphuma kwinkqubo endala kwaye ukucaca kwemigaqo-nkqubo kuphucuka kakhulu, abalawuli bamkela imfuneko yokuzivumelanisa nenyani entsha.

Amazwe amakhulu amkela iBitcoin njengemali yokugcina imali kunye nemali esemthethweni kwaye kuqhuma uqoqosho lwezezimali oluqhutywa yi-AI, olusebenza iiyure ezingama-24/7, lususa uqoqosho lusele kwiBitcoin, kuba yeyona mali ikhuselekileyo, isasazeke kwaye ithembekile eyakhiwe kwiiprothokholi ezivulekileyo ezinokuthi zibe yiprogram.

I-Bitcoin iba yimpahla ephambili yezezimali esetyenziswa kutshintsho lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye ithatha indawo yayo njengengundoqo kwiimali zehlabathi, iba yinto eqhelekileyo njengonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi okanye iiselfowuni.

Ngelo xesha, iBitcoin ayisabonwa nje kuphela njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokuba kukhulu njengendlela yokutshintshiselana kunye nomlinganiselo wexabiso leempahla neenkonzo, kuba imali ye-fiat ayisafunwa kakhulu.

Ukuphikisana neModeli kaRogers

Oku kungasentla kubonisa ukuba iBitcoin (ngexesha lokubhala) iyawela umlambo ingena kwisigaba sokuQala kwabaMkelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeBitcoin, kukho ukungqinelani okucacileyo nemodeli kaRogers ethi itekhnoloji kufuneka ifumane malunga ne-15% yokungena kwimarike ekujoliswe kuyo ngelo xesha. Ngexesha lokubhala, BiTBO, icebisa ukuba kukho ngaphezulu kwe-100m abasebenzisi beBitcoin kwihlabathi liphela, oku kubonisa ukungena kwipesenti ephantsi kakhulu. Uqikelelo oluvela ku-Triple-A luthembekile ngakumbi, lucinga ukuba malunga ne-560 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi lonke banemali yedijithali. Oku kungathetha ukungena kwe-7% kuphela kubemi behlabathi.

Ngokwahlukileyo, sinokujonga imarike iyonke njengabantu abazizigidi ezi-5 kwihlabathi lonke abanofikelelo kwi-intanethi. Eli nani libonisa ukuba malunga ne-11% banotyalo-mali lwezezimali kwimali yedijithali, kufutshane ne-16% echazwe yimodeli kaRogers.

Ngaphantsi kwenani eliphambili, kufuneka silindele umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweendidi zabantu. Umzekelo, kungabakho ukungena okuphezulu kakhulu ngoku phakathi kwabo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 kwaye kube sezantsi kakhulu kwabo bangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-45, apho ukwamkelwa kungaba kwipesenti ephantsi kakhulu.

Ngale ndlela, sinokujonga imodeli kaRogers ngokuchasene nezahlulo zeemarike ekujoliswe kuzo ezineempawu zazo. Ezi zinokuchazwa ngokwejografi, idemografi okanye iprofayili yobutyebi. Singajonga kwakhona imarike yeempahla ‘zokuGcina ixabiso’, apho iBitcoin iqala ukwamkelwa kumazwe aphuhlileyo, yahluke kwimarike ‘yoTshintshiselwano’ efumana amandla kumazwe asakhasayo okanye kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngoorhulumente abangqongqo.

6.2.5 Ngaba iBitcoin Iwuwelile Umlambo?

Emva kokuvunywa kwazo yi-US Securities and Exchange Commission kunye nokwaziswa kwazo ngoJanuwari 2024, ii-Exchange Traded Funds zeBitcoin zaphula iirekhodi zokungena kokuqala ngonyaka wazo wokuqala. Ixabiso elidibeneyo lempahla epheleleyo ephethwe yi-ETF limi ngaphezulu kwe-$100 yezigidigidi okwangoku. Sinokujonga le ntsika njengexesha elibalulekileyo kwicandelo. Inokuthi ibe lixesha ‘lokuwela umlambo’ elibonisa ukuqala kokwamkelwa kweBitcoin ngokubanzi, kufana nokukhutshwa kwesikhangeli se-intanethi iNetscape ngo-Okthobha 1994, eyanceda ekuthandeni kokufikelela kwi ‘World-Wide-Web’ esandul’ ukuvela.

Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka komphambili womsebenzisi ekwamkelweni kwetekhnoloji. Abathandi beetekhnoloji balawula izigaba zabaQambi nabaMkelayo bokuqala kuba abo basebenzisi bakhululekile ukusebenza neenkqubo ze-IT ezinzima kwaye abakhathazeki bubunzima bokufikelela kwiimpawu zetekhnoloji, ngomphambili ongagqitywanga okanye ongacacanga. Ukuphuculwa komphambili womsebenzisi kwitekhnoloji okuvumela iimpawu zayo ukuba zifikelelwe lula kuya kutsala abasebenzisi abohlukeneyo. Ukwaziswa kwe-ETF kunokuba loluphuculo kwiBitcoin.

6.2.6 Kancinci, Emva koko Ngokukhawuleza: I-S-Curve yoLwamkelo

Nangona imodeli kaRogers iluncedo ekuqondeni inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji, umda wayo ophambili kukuba ayichazi isantya okanye, okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukukhawuleza kokwamkelwa.

Umzekelo, ukuba sicinga ukuba singena kwisigaba sokuQala kwabaMkelayo emva kweminyaka eli-15 yokusebenza kweBitcoin, sinokulingeka ukuba sicinge ukuba siyaqhubeka kumgca wemodeli kaRogers ngesantya esifanayo kwiminyaka eli-15 ezayo. Ukuba kunjalo, iBitcoin iya kuhlala kwisigaba sokuQala kwabaMkelayo kwishumi leminyaka elizayo.

Nangona kunjalo, uphando ngezinye iitekhnoloji eziphazamisa imarike lubonisa ukuba ukwamkelwa akuyi ngokuthe ngqo kwaye izigaba zoLwamkelo loLuntu nabaMkelayo abaliGqiba zingadlula ngexesha elifutshane njengoko ukwamkelwa kukhawuleza kakhulu. Yiyo loo nto intetho ethandwayo ethi ‘Kancinci, Emva koko Ngokukhawuleza’.

Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemodeli ye-S-Curve ekwamkelweni kwetekhnoloji ephazamisa imarike kuyanceda.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ithambeka legrafu lingumlinganiselo kwaye isantya sokwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji nganye siya kwahluka. Nangona kunjalo, i-S-Curve ibonisa ukuba ubude bezi zigaba abulingani, kuba izigaba zoLwamkelo loLuntu nabaMkelayo abaliGqiba zithatha ixesha elifutshane kunezabaQambi nabaMkelayo bokuqala. Kumzekelo ongentla, abaQambi nabaMkelayo bokuqala bathatha malunga ne-40% yexesha elipheleleyo. Oku kuthelekiswa ne-25% yexesha elipheleleyo kwabaMkelayo boLuntu nabaMkelayo abaliGqiba, nangona ezo zigaba zifikelela kwi-80% yokungena kwimarike.

Kukho ukufana nokukhula kwe-intanethi, eyaba ne ‘Browser Moment’ phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1990 xa iNetscape kunye ne-Internet Explorer kaMicrosoft zaqala ukufumana amandla kwimarike. Ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwazo, i-intanethi yayilawulwa linani elincinci labathandi beetekhnoloji amashumi eminyaka. Kwiiminyaka ezintlanu emva kokukhutshwa kwezikhangeli ze-intanethi, kwavakala ngathi wonke umntu uyazibandakanya kwi ‘Information Superhighway’ njengoko yayibizwa ngelo xesha. Singabona iipateni ezifanayo zokukhula kwimbali yezinye iitekhnoloji, ezifana neeselfowuni, umabonakude, iradiyo kunye nemoto.

6.2.7 Isiphelo

Ukusuka kwindawo yomntu osondeleyo kwitekhnoloji entsha efana neBitcoin, kubonakala ngathi ukwamkelwa kuhamba kancinci kwaye kulula ukukholelwa ukuba ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kusekude. Olu luvo luhlala luyinzuzo yokucinga ngokuthe ngqo kwaye lukhuthaza abathandabuzi abathi iBitcoin ‘ayiphumelelanga’ kwizithembiso zayo zokuqala.

Nabanye abaninzi abaye basebenzisa iBitcoin ixesha elide basenokucinga ngokuthe ngqo kakhulu. Abanye badane kukuba ukwamkelwa ngamaziko bekungakhange kube kukhulu kakhulu ngexesha lomjikelo wokwahlula (2020-2024). Abaninzi ngoku baxela ukuba oku kuzakwenzeka ngexesha lomjikelo wangoku (2024-2028), kunye nokwamkelwa okukhulu kwamazwe kungenzeki de kube ngumjikelo olandelayo (2028-2032). Nangona kunjalo, i-S-Curve yokwamkelwa icebisa ukuba sinokubona ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.

Kubalulekile ukuba singayithathi kancinci amandla amanani akhulayo ngokukhawuleza ekwamkelweni kwentengiso. Xa sijonga imilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa kweBitcoin ngabathengi, njengenani leedilesi ze-wallet okanye ii-akhawunti zokutshintshiselana, okanye inani leenkampani ezamkela isicwangciso seBitcoin, kuyacaca ukuba ukungena kwentengiso kusezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, sinokungabi semva kakhulu xa sikala ixesha elidlulileyo.

Ukuphehlelelwa kweBitcoin ETFs ngempumelelo enkulu kunyaka ophelileyo kuvule intengiso kudidi olutsha lwabathengi kwaye kusenokuba 'Lixesha leBhrawuza' okanye ixesha apho iBitcoin iwela khona umda wokwamkelwa. Ukuba kunjalo, sinokubona ukwamkelwa kunyuka kakhulu kwisithuba sexesha elifutshane.