Indlela Iingxaki Ezikhokelela Kwiisisombululo

Nabani na olawula inani lemali elijikeleza kweli lizwe lethu ungumnini opheleleyo wazo zonke ishishini norhwebo... xa uqonda ukuba yonke le nkqubo ilawulwa lula kakhulu, ngandlela-ngezinye, ngabantu abambalwa abanamandla phezulu, akusayi kufuneka uxelelwe ukuba amaxesha okunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokwehla kwezoqoqosho aqala njani.
James A. Garfield, uMongameli wase-US

Kwimodyuli edlulileyo ufunde ukuba ihlabathi lezezimali lixhomekeke kwinkqubo enokungabi yomelele njengoko ibonakala. Inkqubo ye-fiat, exhaswa ngokongezwa rhoqo kwemali ephepheni entsha, ibonakala ngathi ixhamla abambalwa ngelixa yonakalisa wonke umntu omnye.

Le modyuli ityhila ukuba yintoni inkqubo ye-fiat kuthetha abantu abaqhelekileyo noluntu. Ekugqibeleni, siza kuphonononga ibali leqela labantu abaqaphele ezi ngxaki baze basebenze buthule ukufumana isisombululo esinokutshintsha ikamva loluntu lwabantu.

Ukonyuka kwemali kunye nefuthe layo

Ukonyuka kwemali kuthetha ukwanda kwesixa semali esikhoyo kuqoqosho. Xa kudalwa imali engakumbi, isiqwenga ngasinye semali siqala ukulahlekelwa lixabiso, nto leyo enciphisa amandla okuthenga. Njengoko imali engakumbi ijikeleza, imfuno yezinto ezifanayo kunye neenkonzo iyanda, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso.

Zicinge iqela elincinane labahlobo, uSipho, uThabo, noLindiwe, ngamnye enedola enye, kwaye kukho ibhotile enye yamanzi ethengiswayo. Abantu abathathu, iidola ezintathu, ibhotile enye. Masithi urhulumente ubanika idola enye ngamnye. Ngoku baneedola ezintandathu zizonke. Ngenxa yemali engakumbi, bonke bafuna ukuthenga ibhotile enye, baqalisa ukukhuphisana ngayo.

Ngenxa yale mfuno inyukileyo, baqalisa ukunikezela ngexabiso eliphezulu kunelo lokuqala. Ukhuphiswano lwenyusa ixabiso lebhotile. Nangona benemali engakumbi, idola nganye ithenga izinto ezimbalwa kunangaphambili. Abakwazi ukuthenga izinto ababenokuzithenga ngaphambili.

Kule mizekelo, amandla abo okuthenga ehle ngenxa yokuba imali inyukile. Babengenakukwazi ukulawula olu tshintsho. Imali engakumbi idityaniswe nenani elifanayo lezinto ikhokelele ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso, nto leyo eyenze kwanzima ukufikelela kwizinto ezifanayo.

Oku kubonisa indlela amandla okuthenga anokuchaphazeleka ngayo zizinto ezingaphandle kolawulo lwethu kwaye kutheni kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zemali ezisebenza ngayo.

Umsebenzi: Ukuthengisa ngephanyazo

Lo ngumsebenzi weklasi apho abathathi-nxaxheba bafunda ngokwabo indlela ukwanda kwemali kuchaphazela ngayo amaxabiso. Injongo kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqonde ukonyuka kwemali (hayi ukunyuka kwamaxabiso).

Amanqaku Aphambili

1. Amaxabiso kwimarike ekhululekileyo amiselwa ngamaxabiso abantu abawabekileyo (umzekelo, abafundi abathengisa ngezinto).
2. Khumbula ukuba Ukonyuka kwemali = ukwanda kwesixa semali. Le yingcamango esemva kwesivakalisi esithi "imali engakumbi ilandela izinto ezifanayo".
3. Qaphela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwegama elithi "ukonyuka kwamaxabiso". Ukonyuka kwemali akufani nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Imithombo yeendaba kunye nabalawuli abaphakathi bakhetha ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso efana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso abathengi (CPI) kuba inokuphathwa ngendlela ethile.
4. Xa kudalwa imali ye-fiat, ayabiwa ngokulinganayo. Iqala ukuya kwabo bakufuphi nomatshini wokushicilela imali (umzekelo, amashishini amakhulu). Baya kuba nethuba lokuthenga izinto ngexabiso eliphantsi phambi kokuba amaxabiso enyuke kwabanye bonke.

Ingcebiso kubafundi

Lo ngumdlalo wokuthatha inxaxheba. Okukhona uzibandakanya kakhulu ngomgudu kunye nobuchule, kokukhona uza konwaba ... kwaye kokukhona uza kufunda ngakumbi.

Awudingi amagama anzima, iimodeli ezinzima okanye izidanga zaseyunivesithi ukuze uqonde uqoqosho nendlela imali esebenza ngayo ngokwenene.

Andikholelwa ukuba siza kuba nemali elungileyo kwakhona de sithathe le nto ezandleni zikarhulumente... konke esinokukwenza, kukuzama ngendlela ethile, efihlakeleyo, ukwazisa into abangakwaziyo ukuyimisa.
Friedrich Hayek, Umphumeleli weNobel Prize kwi-Economics

Impembelelo Kubantu Ngamnye — Ukulahleka Kwamandla Okuthenga

Sipho ngumfundi waseyunivesithi ohlala kwiflethi encinci. Usebenza isiqingatha sexesha kwivenkile yekofu ukuze akwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zokuphila kwakhe kunye nemfundo. Nje ukuba waqala ukuhlala ezimele, uSipho waba ngugqirha ekulawuleni iledger.

I-ledger yirekhodi yazo zonke iintengiselwano zakho zemali, kubandakanya ingeniso kunye neendleko. Nokuba ufumana okanye uchitha imali, i-ledger ikunceda ukuba ulandele yonke into.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, wenza uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-R180,000 kwiindleko zakhe zonyaka wonke, kubandakanya irenti, ukutya, kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo. Nantsi indlela i-ledger yakhe ejongeka ngayo ngoJanuwari 2026:

Le ledger ibonisa ukuba ibhalansi yokuqala kaSipho yayiyi-R28,800 apho wakhupha khona (ukutsalwa) i-R14,400 ukuhlawula irenti yenyanga. Emva koko wakhupha i-R1,800 ekutyeni waza wafumana i-R9,000 (ukwandiswa) emvuzweni wakhe wesiqingatha sexesha, waphakamisa ibhalansi yakhe yaba yi-R21,600. Emva koko wakhupha imali kuphetroli kunye neencwadi zefundo, waza ibhalansi yakhe yehla yaba yi-R12,600 ekupheleni kwenyanga.

Kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini kamva, uSipho udla isidlo sasemini notatomkhulu wakhe, amxelela ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwakhe luka-2026. Uqaphela ukuba uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwakhe alusoloko luhlala ixesha elide njengakuqala kwaye iindleko zokuphila zonyuke kakhulu kunyaka ophelileyo. Xa uSipho ezibuza ukuba kwenzeke njani oku, utatomkhulu wakhe umbonisa lo mfanekiso ulandelayo.

USipho akakholelwa emehlweni akhe. Lelixesha afumanisa ngalo ukuba iindleko zezinto kunye neenkonzo zonyuka kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwehleni kwamandla akhe okuthenga.

Utatomkhulu wakhe uthi: “Ngo-1956, ndandisengumfana osaqalayo ebomini. Ndikhumbula ukuba ndandifumana i-R6,840 ngenyanga njengomsebenzi wasefektri. Mhlawumbi ayibonakali inkulu, kodwa yayiyiholo entle ngelo xesha. Enyanisweni, ndakwazi ukonga imali eyaneleyo yokuthenga indlu yam endaweni yasezilalini.”

Utatomkhulu uyaqhubeka: “Amaxabiso ayehluke kakhulu kwinkulungwane ephelileyo. Umzekelo, ngo-2020, ukuthenga iibhari ezingama-30 zeHershey's chocolate kwakubiza i-$26.14. Kodwa ke, ngo-1913, inani elifanayo leebhari zeHershey's lalingabiza kuphela i-$1!”

Lo mahluko mkhulu kwixabiso ubonisa utshintsho kumandla okuthenga ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye ubonisa indlela ayehla ngayo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso (inflation).

Sipho: “Yintoni? Loo nto iyamangalisa. Andinakucinga ukuba irenti yam ibiya kuba iphantsi kangakanani ngelo xesha xa ndithelekisa noku.”

Utata-omkhulu: “Ewe, irenti yakho ibiya kuba iphantsi kakhulu ngelo xesha. Ndinezinye umzekelo ndingawusebenzisa: ngelo xesha, i-$1 ibingathenga iipakethi ezili-10 zeepretzel. Ngo-2020, ndahlawula i-$9.69 ngenani elifanayo. Cinga nje ukuba zingaphi iipakethi ezili-10 zeepretzel eziza kubiza namhlanje.”

Sipho: “Wow, loo nto inomdla kakhulu, Tata-omkhulu. Wawuyivavanya njani le nto xa wawusemncinci?”

Utata-omkhulu: “Hayi bo, Sipho, yonke into ibingabiza kakhulu xa ndandisemncinci. Isonka esinye sasibiza i-$0.18 kuphela, kwaye wawunokuthenga igaloni ye-petrol nge-$0.29 kuphela. Kuyamangalisa indlela indleko yokuphila enyuke ngayo.”

Amandla okuthenga e-U.S. dollar ehle kakhulu kule nkulungwane idlulileyo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokwanda kwemali eshishinayo.

Emva kwengxoxo notata-omkhulu wakhe, uSipho ubuya ekhaya ajonge kwakhona incwadi yakhe yeencwadi zemali. Ngokukhawuleza ufumanisa ukuba kufuneka acwangcise imali eyongezelelweyo eyi-$1,000 ngo-2024 ukuze akwazi ukuthenga izinto ezifanayo kunye neenkonzo awayezithenge kunyaka ophelileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla akhe okuthenga ehle nge-$1,000 kuba ngoku kufuneka achithe imali eninzi ukuthenga izinto ezifanayo. Ngelixa indleko yokuphila kaSipho inyuka kakhulu minyaka le, umvuzo wakhe unyuka kancinci kakhulu.

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa iindleko zikaSipho kulo nyaka wokuqala nowesibini, kunye nepesenti yokunyuka kwexabiso.

Ukuze uSipho akwazi ukuphila kwizinga elifanayo, kuya kufuneka asebenze iiyure ezininzi ngeveki kulo nyaka wesibini ukuze afumane enye i-$1,000.

Ngokweenkcukacha ezivela kwi-US Bureau of Labor Statistics, amaxabiso namhlanje aphantse aphindwe kathathu kunango-1913. Oku kuthetha ukuba idola enye namhlanje ithenga malunga ne-3% yezinto ezazithengwa ngedola enye ngelo xesha.

Umzekelo, ukuba umntu wase-1913 angahamba ngexesha aye ku-2023 ephethe i-$100, uya kufumanisa ukuba imali yakhe ithenga kuphela into enexabiso elifana ne-$3 ngo-1913. Lo mahluko mkhulu kwixabiso ubonisa indlela amandla okuthenga kwemali ehle ngayo ekuhambeni kweminyaka.

Xa sijonga amanani kuphela (nominal terms), kubonakala ngathi uSipho ufumana imali eninzi ngonyaka kunotata-omkhulu wakhe, kodwa iidola ezaziphethwe ngutata-omkhulu wakhe zazixabiseke kakhulu kwaye zazithenga izinto ezininzi ngelo xesha.

Kule mihla, impembelelo enkulu yokunyuka kwamaxabiso (inflation) iyabathintela abantu ekugcineni imali yabo.

Endaweni yoko, uninzi lukhetha ukusebenzisa imali yabo ngokukhawuleza kuba ixabiso layo lehla ngokukhawuleza. Le ndlela yokucinga ingalunganga iyenza kube nzima kubantu ukuba bacwangcise ikamva labo.

Njengoko kubonakala kumzobo, umvuzo womntu ophakathi awukhuli kangako iminyaka emininzi xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, nangona abantu besebenza ngakumbi. Oku kuthetha ukuba onke amaxabiso ongezelelweyo ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle agqityelwa kukutyiwa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso, endaweni yokuba abuyiselwe kubantu abasebenzayo.

Umzekelo kaSipho ngumzekelo omnye kuphela phakathi kwabanye abaninzi. Kwihlabathi le-fiat, kuqhelekile ukuba oorhulumente benze imali ngaphandle komda ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo, beshiya abantu behlawula iziphumo. Amaxabiso ezinto zemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwisinkwa ukuya kumakhaya, kunye nokutya ukuya kwiiholide, anyuka minyaka le. Ngelixa abatyebi befumana inzuzo kukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa yokuba neempahla ezixabisa ngakumbi, abantu abaqhelekileyo abagcina imali yabo bayibona ixabiso labo elinzima liphuphuma. Isiphumo? Abantu kunye neentsapho kwihlabathi liphela bayasokola njengoko amandla okuthenga ehla.

Abantu kwihlabathi liphela bazifumana besebenza imisebenzi emininzi kunye neeyure ezininzi ukuze baphile ngendlela efanayo. Kufana nokubaleka kwi-treadmill — ubaleka ngokukhawuleza kodwa awufiki phambili. Inkqubo ye-fiat ishiyela abantu bevakalelwa ngathi bahlala besilwa namaxabiso anyukayo.

Ekuzameni ukuhambelana nokunyuka kweendleko, abaninzi bajika bakhethe ukusebenzisa amakhredithi, nto leyo efana nokubeka i-Band-Aid encinci kumonzakalo omkhulu. Abantu bathatha imali-mboleko okanye benze izigqibo ezikhawulezayo ukuze basinde. Imali ekhawulezayo iba yimfuneko, kwaye abantu bazifumana besebenza ukuze basinde namhlanje endaweni yokucwangcisa ikamva.

Inkqubo ye-fiat, ngenxa yokushicilelwa kwemali rhoqo, ichaphazela ingqondo yoluntu. Ivelisa indlela yokucinga ekhawulezayo — kugxilwa kwizinto ezikhawulezayo endaweni yokucwangcisa ixesha elide. Njengokufumana isisombululo esikhawulezayo, abantu kwihlabathi le-fiat bakhetha izibonelelo ezikhawulezayo. Yindlela yokusinda, kodwa le ndlela idala umjikelo wokuxhomekeka apho abantu befuna naziphi na iindlela zokufumana imali ngokukhawuleza, nokuba ayizinzanga okanye ayisebenzi ixesha elide.

Ngamafutshane, impembelelo yenkqubo ye-fiat ibonisa umfanekiso onzima kubantu kwihlabathi liphela. Kwi-fiat system, amaxabiso anyuka, ingeniso ayinyuki, kwaye umsantsa wokuphila uba ngumlo wemihla ngemihla. Ngelixa amanye amaqela etyeba, uninzi lwabantu kwihlabathi liphela luhlala luxhomekeke kwinkqubo eyenza bahlale besiba poor.

Kwi-luntu olusekelwe kwimali ezinzileyo, izigqibo zemali zikarhulumente zilinganiselwe kumandla oqoqosho. Kwi-fiat system, nangona kunjalo, oorhulumente banokuboleka imali engenamda phezu kwabemi babo. Amandla okushicilela imali nanini na kudla ngokukhokelela ekugxileni kwamandla kwezopolitiko. Inkqubo ye-fiat ivumela oorhulumente ukuba baqokelele amatyala amakhulu, benze izigqibo ezibanceda bona endaweni yoluntu oluninzi.

Amandla amakhulu afana ne-United States afumana inzuzo ngenxa yale meko. Banokushicilela imali ngaphandle komda ukuze baxhase izicwangciso zabo, kuquka iimfazwe. Olu khetho luvumela amazwe anamandla ukuba alawule, achaphazele, kwaye angene kwiingxabano zehlabathi, okudala ukungalingani kwamandla kwihlabathi. Iimfazwe kunye nezenzo ezinkulu zokulawula abanye ziba lula ngokwezimali kumazwe anamandla, ngelixa amanye angenawo amandla afanayo ezezimali esokola.

Phantsi kwenkqubo ye-fiat, ubutyebi abuhanjiswa ngokulinganayo. Endaweni yoko, buhlala bugxile ezandleni zabambalwa. Le meko ifana nokudlala umdlalo weMonopoly apho abadlali abambalwa benazo zonke iihotele kunye nepropathi, ngelixa abaninzi besokola. Inkqubo ye-fiat ibe sisixhobo sokugxila kobutyebi kumaqela athile. Ukushicilelwa kwemali kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba bafake imali eninzi kuqoqosho ngokusebenzisana neebhanki eziphakathi, kwaye abokuqala ukufumana le mali intsha ngabantu sele benobutyebi kunye nesikhundla — amaziko anamandla kunye nabantu abaninzi. La maqela afumana inzuzo yemali entsha phambi kokuba iziphumo zayo ezimbi zivele kuqoqosho.

Ukungalingani kobutyebi akupheleli nje ekubeni abanye benayo abanye bengenayo; kukwathintela abantu abavela kwiintsapho ezingathathi ntweni ekunyukeni kwinqanaba loqoqosho, kufana nokuqalisa ugqatso uphethe umthwalo onzima. Emva koko abatyebi basebenzisa igalelo labo ukuguqula imigaqo karhulumente ukuze ibaxhase, okwandisa umsantsa ngakumbi. Oku kwenza izinto zibe nzima kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kukhokelela kwinkxwaleko yoluntu, ukungathembani nemibutho, kunye noluntu oluphazamisekileyo njengendlu yamakhadi. Ukungazinzi kwenkqubo ye-fiat kubonakala kukungaqiniseki koqoqosho, ingxwabangxwaba kwezopolitiko, kunye neengxaki zehlabathi xa amazwe aseNtshona ejongene nengxaki yezoqoqosho.

Phantsi kwenkqubo yemali ye-fiat, ityala sele libe yinto eqhelekileyo ebantwini. Oorhulumente, imibutho, amashishini, kunye nabantu ngabanye kwihlabathi lonke bafumanisa bezifakele kwiintlambo zetyala.

Utshintsho lwengqondo olwenza abantu bamkele ityala lusekwe kuyilo lwenkqubo ye-fiat. Kwiminyaka engamashumi edlulileyo, kuye kwaba lula ngakumbi ukuba imibutho ithathe ityala elikhulu, kwaye oku kudla ngokuba yimfuneko kubantu abaqhelekileyo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Ukwehla okungapheliyo nokukhawulezayo kwexabiso lemali ye-fiat kukhokelela ekuthengeni okungapheliyo, umnqweno ongapheliyo wokuthenga nokusebenzisa izinto apho abantu bethenga ngaphezu kwemfuno yabo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithisileyo nasekuchitheni. Nangona kungathi kukuthenga okungapheliyo, ixabiso lokwenene lidlula elo libonakalayo, lichaphazela ingqondo kunye nempilo-ntle yabantu.

Kuyacaca ukuba inkqubo ye-fiat ayisosixhobo soqoqosho kuphela. Endaweni yoko, yinkqubo echaphazela uluntu lonke. Ukusukela kugxininiso lwamandla ukuya kwiimeko zehlabathi, umahluko wobutyebi, kunye nemigaqo yoluntu, inkqubo ye-fiat ichaphazela ngqo indlela amazwe asebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abaqhelekileyo abaphila ngayo.

Umthwalo Wetyala Wehlabathi

Ngenxa yenkqubo ye-fiat, oorhulumente kwihlabathi lonke babanjwe kwinethi yetyala ekhulayo, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba 'yijika letyala lehlabathi.' Zamkela ukuba uboleka imali engaphezulu kunoko unokukubuyisa. Le nto iyenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu. Oorhulumente baqhubeka bethatha ityala elingaphezulu kunoko banokukulawula, beqhutywa kukuchitha okuqhubekayo, ukuboleka, kunye nokucinga kwexesha elifutshane, nto leyo etyhala amazwe amaninzi kufutshane nokungazinzi kwezezimali.

Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, urhulumente wase-US wongeze malunga ne-$13 trillion kwityala elitsha ukusukela ngo-2019. Ityala elipheleleyo lenyuke ukusuka kwi-$23 trillion ekupheleni kuka-2019 ukuya kwi-$37 trillion namhlanje. Oorhulumente kwihlabathi lonke abanciphisi ukuboleka kwabo. Enyanisweni, kuyanda, kwaye u-2023 kulindeleke ukuba ube ngomnye weminyaka apho ityala lonyuka kakhulu ukusukela ngo-2021 ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID.

Kuthetha ukuthini oku kubantu kunye noluntu sele lujongene neziphumo zenkqubo ye-fiat? Ijika letyala lifana neqhwa eliqengqelekayo ezantsi kwentaba, likhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye akukho zithanda zininzi kwezopolitiko zokulima.

Iziphumo, ukusuka kukwanda kokungalingani ukuya kuxinzelelo loluntu, azinakuphela lula. Endaweni yoko, umthwalo wetyala wehlabathi uya uqhubeka ukwanda, nto leyo eyenza ikamva libe nzima ngakumbi.

Ingxoxo: Iziphumo zenkqubo ye-Fiat

1. Zikhona na ezinye iziphumo abantu kunye noluntu lonke abajongana nazo ngenxa yenkqubo ye-fiat?
2. Zeziphi iziphumo zenkqubo ye-fiat kwilizwe lakho? Kwenzeke ntoni kwimbali? Yachaphazela njani abantu belizwe lakho?
3. Imizekelo yabantu: iseshoni yokusebenzisana

Siqaphele ukuthathwa kwemali ngokuthe ngcembe ziibhanki noorhulumente kwimbali, nto leyo ekhokelele kwinkqubo yemali ye-fiat esiyaziyo namhlanje kunye neziphumo zayo ezibi kuluntu. Kodwa ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obutsha njengokugquma ulwazi kunye ne-intanethi kuye kwavumela ukuba kuvele iingcamango ezintsha, ezifana nemali yedijithali ezimeleyo — engenangenelelo kurhulumente, evulekileyo kwaye ifikeleleka kuye wonke umntu. Masijonge uhambo lwabo bakhokelayo kolu shukumo lotshintsho: amaCypherpunks.

AmaCypherpunks

Ikhompyutha ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokukhulula nokukhusela abantu, hayi ukubalawula.
Hal Finney

Icala lesibini lekhulu lama-20 labona ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obutsha obunamandla njengamakhompyutha abantu kunye ne-intanethi. Ezi zinto ezintsha zaqala ukutshintsha indlela abantu abanxibelelana ngayo, babelana ngayo ngolwazi, kwaye balungiselele uluntu.

Abanye abacinga kunye nabaprograma baqonda ukuba obu buchwepheshe bunokunyusa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye okanye buvumele oorhulumente kunye neenkampani ukuba babeke iliso kwaye balawule abantu lula.

Eli qela laziwa njengeCypherpunks. Babekholelwa ukuba i-cryptography, ukusetyenziswa kwekhodi yezibalo ukukhusela ulwazi, inokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwixesha ledijithali.

AmaCypherpunks asebenze kwizixhobo ezinokukhusela imfihlo kwi-intanethi, zikhusele unxibelelwano, kwaye zivumele abantu ukuba banxibelelane kwi-intanethi bengaxhomekekanga kwiziphatha-mandla eziphakathi.

Enye yeenjongo zabo eziphambili yayikukudala uhlobo lwemali yedijithali abantu abanokuyisebenzisa bengalawulwa ziibhanki okanye oorhulumente. I-Bitcoin yadalwa kamva njengesisombululo kule ngxaki.

Ikamva lika-Orwell libhekisa kuluntu olungathandekiyo apho igunya elinamandla, ngokuqhelekileyo urhulumente, lilawula ngokusondeleyo ubomi babantu. Kulo mhlaba, abemi bahlala bejongiwe, ulwazi luphazanyiswa, kwaye ukuthetha ngokuchasene nabaphetheyo kunokubangela isohlwayo. Inkululeko zabantu zilinganiselwe, kwaye inyaniso ihlala iguqulwa ukuze kugcinwe ulawulo kuluntu.

Abantu ababalulekileyo kwishukumo yeCypherpunk babandakanya u-Eric Hughes, u-Timothy C. May, kunye no-John Gilmore. Ngo-1992, u-Eric Hughes wabhala A Cypherpunk Manifesto, eyathi yaphikisa ukuba abantu kufuneka babe nelungelo lemfihlo kunye nolawulo kubomi babo bedijithali.

AmaCypherpunks ayekholelwa ukuba i-cryptography inokukhusela abantu kwi-intanethi. Ngo-1991, u-Phil Zimmermann wadala i-PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), isixhobo esavumela abantu ukuba bathumele ii-imeyile ezigqunyiweyo ukuze kuphela lowo ijolise kuye angakwazi ukuyifunda.

Babekholelwa ukuba ukugquma ulwazi, kudityaniswe ne-intanethi kunye neekhompyutha, kunokuvumela abantu ukuba banxibelelane kwaye basebenzisane kwi-intanethi bengaxhomekekanga kwiziphatha-mandla eziphakathi.

Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki enkulu yayisashiyekile: ihlabathi belisahleli linemali yedijithali ezimeleyo abantu abanokuyisebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi.

Iinkqubo Eziziko vs Ezisasazekileyo

Iinkqubo Eziziko

Kwinkqubo eziko, yonke into ijikeleza igunya elinye eliphambili, njengesi sakhiwo side esisemzini. Eli gunya lilawula indlela yonke inkqubo esebenza ngayo. Cinga ngeebhanki zemveli njengomzekelo, apho iqela elincinci lenza zonke izigqibo.

Iingxaki Zenkqubo Eziziko

• Indawo ephambili yokusilela: Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle kwigunya eliphambili, yonke inkqubo ingawa.
• Ulawulo: Iqela elincinci eliphezulu linawo onke amandla nolawulo, rhoqo lisenza izigqibo eziluncedo kubo kunokuba zibe luncedo kuye wonke umntu.
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nabalamli: Njengemilambo yezithuthi esixekweni, iinkqubo eziziko zinokucotha kwaye zibe neendleko eziphezulu ngenxa yabalamli abangeyomfuneko.
• Ukungabikho kwenkululeko: Abantu basenokungakwazi ukwenza izigqibo zabo zemali; konke kugqitywa ligunya eliphezulu.
• Ukuvinjelwa kunye nokuthintelwa: Njengoko amanye amacandelo esixeko enokuthi avalwe, iinkqubo eziziko zinokuthintela okanye zilinganisele ukufikelela kwezinye izixhobo zemali.
• Imiceli-mngeni yokwandisa: Xa abantu abaninzi befuna iinkonzo zemali, iinkqubo eziziko zinokungakwazi ukugcina isantya.
• Imingcipheko yokhuseleko: Iingxaki kwigunya eliphambili zinokubeka yonke inkqubo emngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa kwi-intanethi.
• Ukungabikho kokucaca kunye nokuthembeka: Indlela iinkqubo eziziko ezisebenza ngayo inzima ukuyiqonda, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba abantu bazithembe.

Iinkqubo Ezisasazekileyo

Cinga ngenkqubo ezisasazekileyo njengomhlathi wehlathi. Umthi ngamnye yinxalenye eyahlukileyo, kwaye lonke ihlathi yinkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo nesixeko esinesikhululo esinye esiphambili, inkqubo ezisasazekileyo yomelele kwaye iyaqhubeka nokusebenza nokuba inxalenye enye isilele.

Izibonelelo ZeeNkqubo Ezisasazekileyo

• Ukwomelela okuphuculweyo kunye nokuthembeka: Akukho ndawo enye ephambili yokusilela, nto leyo eyenza inkqubo yomelele, nokuba kukho iingxaki.
• Ukhuseleko olunyukayo: Ngokugquma ulwazi/ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, inkqubo ezisasazekileyo ingcono ekuthinteleni ulawulo lwegunya elinye.
• Inkululeko engakumbi: Abantu banolawulo olungakumbi kwimali yabo, idatha, kunye nezigqibo zabo.
• Ukucaca okuphuculweyo: Wonke umntu ubona ulwazi olufanayo, nto leyo eyenza inkqubo ithembeke ngakumbi.
• Ayifuni mvume kwaye ayinamingcele: Nabani na angajoyina okanye athathe inxaxheba.
• Amathuba alinganayo: Wonke umntu unethuba elifanelekileyo lokunceda kunye nokuba nelizwi.
• Ubumfihlo obuphucukileyo: Idatha isasazwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwaye ikakhulu isebenzisa amagama angelonyani, nto leyo eyenza iinkqubo ezisasazekileyo zibe nobumfihlo obungakumbi.

Nangona iinkqubo ezisasazekileyo zineenzuzo ezininzi, ukwenza izigqibo kunye kunokuba nzima kancinci. Kufuneka wonke umntu asebenze kunye.

Kwihlabathi leenkqubo ezigxile embindini kunye nezo zisasazekileyo, konke kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani ophethe amandla. Iinkqubo ezigxile embindini zinika amandla kwiqela elincinci, ngelixa ezisasazekileyo zisasaza amandla, zivumela wonke umntu ukuba abe nelizwi. Olu tshintsho lwamandla luthetha ikamva elilingana ngakumbi, apho abantu abaninzi benefuthe kwinkqubo echaza ubomi babo.

Imbali emfutshane yeemali zedijithali

Enye yeengcinga eziphambili ezaxoxwa ngamaCypherpunks yayingu imali yedijithali. Babekholelwa ukuba imali kufuneka yahlulwe kulawulo lukarhulumente ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuthumela nokufumana iintlawulo ngokukhululekileyo nangasese kwi-intanethi.

Umphengululi wokuqala wekhompyutha David Chaum wenza enye yeenkqubo zokuqala zemali yedijithali esebenzisa ubuchwephesha bokufihla ulwazi ukwenza iintengiselwano zikhuseleke kwaye zibe yimfihlo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yakhe yayisaxhomekeke kwi gunya eliphakathi ukuze isebenze, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inokungaphumeleli okanye icinezele iintengiselwano.

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, amaCypherpunks amaninzi azama ukuyila uhlobo lwemali yedijithali olungaxhomekekanga kugunya eliphakathi. Nangona bezise izinto ezintsha ezibalulekileyo, akukho nkqubo yabo eyasombulula yonke imingeni eyimfuneko kwimali yedijithali ekhuselekileyo, esasazekileyo, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Ezi mizamo zanceda ukubonisa into eyayilahlekile. Kamva, umntu othile wasebenzisa ezi ngcinga kwaye ekugqibeleni wenza inkqubo esebenzayo yemali yedijithali esasazekileyo.

Izixhobo

Cypherpunks Write Code

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