Ingxaki ephambili ngemali yesiqhelo kukuthembela okukhulu okufuneka ukuze isebenze. Ibhanki ephakathi kufuneka ithembeke ukuba ayiyi kunciphisa ixabiso lemali, kodwa imbali yemali ye-fiat igcwele ukophulwa kolu themba.Satoshi Nakamoto
Uluntu lwadlulela kwimali ezinzileyo elawulwa ngabantu abaninzi ukuya kwimali engazinzanga elawulwa ngabambalwa. Kodwa le nkqubo isebenza njani kanye kanye?
Inkqubo Yemali Ngokumiselwa
Inkqubo ye-fiat ichazwa ngokunyanzeliswa kwayo, ifakwa ebantwini ngemithetho yemali esemthethweni. Igama lesiLatini elithi fiat lithetha "ngokumiselwa" kwaye libhekisa kumyalelo okhutshwe ligunya elithile.
Ngokungafaniyo nemali exhaswa zizinto ezibonakalayo ezifana negolide, i-fiat ifumana ixabiso layo kwindawo yayo yokunyanzeliswa kunye nokuthembela koluntu kwinkqubo yemali nezezimali. Kule ndlela, imali ye-fiat ifana netikiti lomculo: ixabiso layo alikho ephepheni ngokwalo, kodwa likuthembiso lokuba iqela lomculo (urhulumente kunye nebhanki ephakathi) liza kunika umboniso omkhulu (ukuzisa uzinzo kwezoqoqosho).
Zonke iimali ezinkulu ezifana needola, ii-euro, iipawundi, ii-yuan, ii-peso nezinye zikwicandelo lemali ye-fiat.
Umthetho wemali esemthethweni: ngumthetho owenza ukuba bonke abemi banyanzeleke ukuba bamkele uhlobo oluthile lwemali.
Izinto Ezilungileyo NgeMali Ye-Fiat
- Kulula ukuyisebenzisa: Imali ye-fiat ilungele ukuthengiselana kwemihla ngemihla.
- Iindleko ezisezantsi kunye nemingcipheko embalwa: Imali ye-fiat ayifuni ukhuseleko olukhulu njengegolide, nto leyo eyenza ibe ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ikhuselekile.
Izinto Ezimbi NgeMali Ye-Fiat
- Imingcipheko yokunyuka kwamaxabiso (inflation): Oorhulumente banokushicilela imali ye-fiat nanini na, nto leyo enciphisa ixabiso lemali kwaye ibangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ethoba amandla okuthenga kwabongxowankulu. Kwimeko ezithile zembali, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwalonto kuye kwakhokelela kwiimeko zokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngokugqithisileyo (hyperinflation).
- Ulawulo olugxile embindini kunye nokuphathwa gwenxa: Amawonga amancinci anokuchaphazela kwaye aphathe gwenxa inkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthintweni kweebhanki ngenxa yezopolitiko kunye nokuthathwa kweemali.
- Umngcipheko wokuthembela kwabanye: Ukuba urhulumente ujongene nemingeni, kwaye uluntu alusathembe, imali inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi.
Ngaphambi kokuba kubekho imali ye-fiat, oorhulumente babebumba iinkozo zemali ngezinto ezixabisekileyo nezinqabileyo ezifana negolide okanye isilivere, okanye babeshicilela imali yephepha enokutshintshwa ngesixa esithile salezo zinto. Oku kwaziwa njengenkqubo exhaswa zizinto ezithile (commodity-backed system).
Kwinkqubo ye-fiat, kufana nokuba nemali yomdlalo weMonopoly. Imali ye-fiat yenziwe ngephepha elikhutshwe yibhanki ephakathi, kwaye ixabiso layo lichaphazeleka ngumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Urhulumente kunye neebhanki eziphakathi zisebenza njenge "ababhanki" bomdlalo weMonopoly: balawula indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, ngubani ofumana ntoni, kunye nexabiso lemali. Ngamanye amazwi, ixabiso lemali ye-fiat lixhomekeke ekuthembekeni kukarhulumente ekuphatheni inkqubo yemali ngokuziphatha kakuhle.
Inkqubo ye-fiat ngumdlalo wokuthembela apho ixabiso lemali yethu lixhomekeke kwizithembiso zalabo balawulayo kwaye abantu banokuthemba kuphela ukuba urhulumente wabo uza kwenza okulungileyo kubo bonke.
Inkqubo Eqhutywa Ngetyala
Kulungile ukuba abantu beli lizwe abaqondi inkqubo yethu yeebhanki kunye nemali, kuba ukuba bayiqonda, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kungabakho uvukelo phambi kokusa ngomso.Henry Ford
Ibhanki yokugcina inxalenye yemali (Fractional reserve banking) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-fiat. Ithetha ukuba iibhanki zivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukubolekisa inxalenye enkulu yemali egcinwe ngabathengi bazo, ukuze nangaliphi na ixesha ibhanki igcine kuphela isiqwenga esincinci semali abathengi bacinga ukuba bayigcinile apho. Ukhe wazibuza ukuba kutheni iibhanki zinikezela ngeenkonzo ezininzi kubathengi bazo ngaphandle kokugcina imali yabo? Nangona kungathiwa zinesisa, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iibhanki ngamashishini kwaye injongo yazo ephambili kukwenza ingeniso. Kodwa zenze njani ingeniso xa zibolekisa imali?
Iibhanki zenza ingeniso ngeendlela ezininzi
- Ukubiza inzala kwiimali abazibolekisayo.
- Ukubiza imirhumo kwiinkonzo ezifana nokusebenzisa i-ATM kunye nokugcinwa kweakhawunti.
- Ukufumana imali ngokutyala, njengokuthenga nokuthengisa izibambiso okanye ukutyala kwiindawo zokuhlala.
- Ukugcina inxalenye yemali-mboleko njengeyogcino kwaye batyale okanye babolekise ngeseleyo.
- Ukubhatala inzala kwiidiphozithi kunye nokubiza imirhumo kwiakhawunti yokujonga neyokonga.
- Xa ibhanki ifumana idiphozithi, kufuneka igcine kuphela inxalenye (imfuneko yogcino) kwaye ivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukubolekisa eseleyo.
Le nkqubo ikhokelela kwinkqubo yemali eqhutywa ngetyala njengoko iibhanki zenza imali entsha rhoqo xa zibolekisa, nto leyo enyusa inani lemali elikhoyo. Njengoko ibhanki yokugcina inxalenye yemali iqhubeka, ityala elipheleleyo kuqoqosho liyanda, nto leyo ekhokelela kukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Inkqubo ixhomekeke kumjikelo oqhubekayo wokwenziwa kwemali ngokubolekisa, kufana nokubonelela iziyobisi kumntu oxhomekeke kuzo: logama wonke umntu eqhubeka nokudlala, inkohliso iyasebenza. Kodwa ukuba iibhanki ziba nomona kakhulu ekubolekiseni kwaye abantu balahlekelwe kukuthembela kwinkqubo yeebhanki, yonke inkqubo ingawa ngokukhawuleza.
Apha ke ibhanki ephakathi ingena njengombolekisi wokugqibela, inikezela ngemali entsha ukuthintela ukuwa kweekhanki kwaye igcine inkohliso iqhubeka. Ibhanki ephakathi ikwenza oku ngokuthenga kwakhona izixhobo okanye ngokufaka imali ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhanki. Ngamafutshane, iibhanki zisindiswa ekuweni ngokufakwa rhoqo kwemali entsha ziibhanki eziphakathi, nto leyo ekhokelela kumjikelo wokunyuka nokwehla koqoqosho.
- Iibhanki ziboleka imali kubagcini-mali ngenzala (masithi yi-5%)
- Iibhanki zibolekisa le mali kubabolekisi ngenzala ephezulu (masithi yi-9%)
- Iibhanki zibhatalela inzala ngemali abayifumene ngokubolekisa (9% - 5% = 4%) baze bagcine eseleyo njengenzuzo
Indlela Iibhanki Ezenza Ngayo Imali
Iibhanki zorhwebo zenza imali entsha ye-fiat xa zibolekisa.
- Ukuchuma
- Inani lemali liyanda njengoko iibhanki zenza imali-mboleko entsha
- Abantu kunye namashishini maboleka kwaye bachithe imali eninzi
- Imfuno iyanda kwaye amaxabiso ayenyuka
- Utyalo-mali luyanda, rhoqo ludlula amandla oqoqosho lokwenyani
- Ukuwa
- Imfuno iyancipha kwaye utyalo-mali luqala ukusilela
- Amaxabiso ee-asethi ayawa
- Ababolekayo bayasokola ukuhlawula iimali-mboleko zabo
- Iibhanki zijongana nelahleko njengoko ixabiso le-collateral lihla
- Ungenelelo lwebhanki ephakathi
- Iibhanki eziphakathi zenza imali entsha ukuxhasa iibhanki kunye nenkqubo yezezimali
- Umjikelo uphindaphindeka
- Imali-mboleko iyanda kwakhona, kuqala inqanaba elitsha lokuchuma
Iibhayisikile Ezingathi Zikhona
Zicinge unebhayisikile kwaye uyiboleke kumphathi webhanki. Endaweni yokuyisebenzisa nje, umphathi webhanki uqala ukuthembisa le bhayisikile kubantu abaninzi ngexesha elinye. Umntu ngamnye ucinga ukuba angayisebenzisa ibhayisikile nanini na efuna. Kodwa enyanisweni, kusekho ibhayisikile enye kuphela. Zonke ezinye iibhayisikile zizi zithembiso kuphela.
Ekuqaleni, yonke into ibonakala ilungile. Akubikho wonke umntu ofuna ukukhwela ibhayisikile ngexesha elinye, ngoko abantu bakholelwa ukuba zininzi iibhayisikile ezikhoyo. Ngenxa yoku, wonke umntu uziva ethembekile kwaye uqhubeka enza izicwangciso.
Kodwa ngenye imini, wonke umntu ugqiba ekubeni afune ukukhwela ngexesha elinye. Bonke bafika belindele ibhayisikile yabo, kwangoko ingxaki iba yacacile: kukho ibhayisikile enye kuphela yokwenene. Uninzi lwabantu alunakufumana oko bathembiswayo.
Inkqubo yangoku yeebhanki isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Iibhanki zigcina kuphela inxalenye encinci yemali efakwe ngabantu kwaye ziboleke eseleyo kwabanye. Oku kuthetha ukuba iibhanki zenza izimangalo ezininzi zemali kunemali yokwenene abayigcinayo.
Uninzi lwexesha le nkqubo isebenza kuba abantu abakhuphi imali yabo ngexesha elinye. Kodwa ukuba abantu abaninzi bazama ukukhupha imali yabo ngaxeshanye, ibhanki ayinakukwazi ukuzalisekisa zonke ezo zithembiso. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-bank run.
Xa oku kusenzeka, inkqubo yezezimali inokuba sengxakini, kwaye abantu abahluphekayo rhoqo ngabona bahlupheka kakhulu kuba abanakhuselo mali.
Ngubani Olawula Inkqubo yeFiat?
Urhulumente
Urhulumente ufana nomlawuli womboniso wefiat. Ukongeza ekuqokeleleni irhafu, uxhaswa ngetyala elitsha (amabhondi) akhutshelwa yi-Treasury. Xa kungekho mfuno yaneleyo kula mabhondi, naliphi na ityala elishiyekileyo lithengwa yibhanki ephakathi. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokuqhubeka nokunyusa inkcitho karhulumente ngaphandle kokucaphukisa abantu ngokunyusa irhafu. Oku kunokubonakala kulungile kurhulumente, kodwa kuza ngexabiso kwabanye bonke: kufana nokufumana ikhadi letyala apho omnye umntu ehlawula ityala. Ityala likarhulumente lisisithembiso sokurhweba abantu irhafu engakumbi kwixesha elizayo.
Abantu Abatyebileyo
Baxhamla kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-fiat. Kuba uninzi lwemali yabo lugcinwa kwiiasethi, amandla abo okuthenga ayanda xa imali (iyunithi yokubala) ilahlekelwa lixabiso. Ukongeza, basebenzisa iiasethi zabo ezixabisekileyo njengesiqinisekiso ukufumana ityala elingabizi kakhulu abatyale kwakhona kwiiasethi. Njengoko 'besondele kumatshini wokushicilela imali,' abavakali kakhulu iziphumo zokwehla kwexabiso lemali.
Icandelo lezeMali (iibhanki)
Iibhanki kunye namanye amaziko emali azilawuli ngqo inkqubo ye-fiat kodwa axhamla kakhulu kuyo. Ngenxa yokuba ikhona ibhanki ephakathi, eza kunceda iibhanki xa inkqubo iphazamisekile, phantse azinaziphumo kwaye zikhuthazwa ukuba zifune inzuzo ephezulu ngokuboleka imali engozi ngakumbi. Le yisiseko somjikelo wokuchuma nokuphuka esiwuxoxe ngaphambili.
Ibhanki Ephakathi
Baxhamla kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-fiat. Kuba uninzi lwemali yabo lugcinwa kwiiasethi, amandla abo okuthenga ayanda xa imali (iyunithi yokubala) ilahlekelwa lixabiso. Ukongeza, basebenzisa iiasethi zabo ezixabisekileyo njengesiqinisekiso ukufumana ityala elingabizi kakhulu abatyale kwakhona kwiiasethi. Njengoko 'besondele kumatshini wokushicilela imali,' abavakali kakhulu iziphumo zokwehla kwexabiso lemali.
Indlela abaxhamla ngayo
La maqela axhamla ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, enza umnatha onzima wolawulo nefuthe. Urhulumente ufumana ukufikelela kwiimali kwaye ulibazisa imfuno yokuziphatha kakuhle kwezemali, abantu abatyebileyo kunye neebhanki bafumana inzuzo yabo ngokulula, kwaye ibhanki ephakathi igcina umboniso uhamba ngathi izimele. Okwangoku, abanye bonke abantu bahlala bephatha umthwalo wale nkqubo, njengoko ugcino lwabo lwemali luncipha kancinci unyaka nonyaka.
Ekugqibeleni, abaqhubi benkqubo ye-fiat balawula umboniso apho bambalwa baxhamla kakhulu ngexabiso labaninzi, abashiyekileyo bezibuza ukuba baza kuyifumana njani indlela yokulingana.
Indima yeeBhanki Ezikhulu
Iibhanki eziphakathi zenza buthule indlela oqoqosho olusebenza ngayo. Umsebenzi wazo osemthethweni kukuqinisekisa uzinzo nokuthembeka, kodwa iindlela zazo zityhila icala elimnyama.
Iibhanki eziphakathi zisebenza kufutshane norhulumente kwaye zilawula umgaqo-nkqubo wemali, zilawula inani lemali esetyenziswa ngezixhobo ezifana namanqanaba emivuzo. Ngexesha lengxaki, zishicilela imali engenamda kwaye ziyifake kuqoqosho ngeebhanki zorhwebo, zenza kubonakale ngathi yonke into ilungile.
Azikho nje njengabaphathi abangathathi cala; iibhanki eziphakathi zilawula iibhanki zorhwebo, ziseta imithetho yomdlalo, kwaye zingenelele ukuzisindisa xa zisengxakini njengabolekisi bokugqibela. Lo mnatha wolawulo, nangona ubonakala ukhuseleka, wenza uqoqosho kunye neebhanki zixhomekeke ngakumbi kuzo.
Ukuqonda apho izigidigidi zeerandi zemali yokukhuthaza zivela khona kunye nokuba ngubani ogqiba indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kubalulekile ukuqonda inkqubo yezezimali ngokubanzi. Oorhulumente basebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ukulawula inani lemali ngexesha elithile.
Iibhanki eziphakathi kunye norhulumente banokusebenzisa izixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo wemali kunye nowezimali ukuchaphazela inani lemali kunye noqoqosho. Umzekelo, iFederal Reserve yaseUnited States (iFed) isebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo wemali ukulungisa amanqanaba emivuzo, echaphazela inani lemali esetyenziswa. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezimali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwenkcitho kunye norhwebo ukuchaphazela umsebenzi woqoqosho.
Amanqanaba ekujoliswe kuwo kuMgaqo-nkqubo weMali
- Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kungaphantsi kwe-6.5%
- 2% - 3% Ukunyuka konyaka kwiGross Domestic Product
- Izinga leCore Inflation phakathi kwe-2.0% - 2.5%
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezimali wokukhuthaza
- Ijonge ukunyusa inkcitho yabathengi kunye notyalo-mali lwamashishini ukunyusa imfuno iyonke kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.
- Nyusa inkcitho karhulumente
- Yehlisa irhafu
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezimali wokunciphisa
- Ijonge ukunciphisa inkcitho yabathengi kunye notyalo-mali lwamashishini ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho okungagcinwanga kwaye kuthintele okanye kunciphise ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu.
- Nciphisa inkcitho karhulumente
- Nyusa irhafu
Kukhulu kakhulu ukuba kungawa
“Too big to fail” ibhekisa kwiinkampani zezezimali ezinkulu kakhulu nezidibaniselene kangangokuba ukusilela kwazo kungabangela iziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yezezimali. Ngexesha lembandezelo yezezimali ka-2008, iibhanki ezininzi ezinkulu zathathwa njenge “too big to fail,” nto leyo eyabangela ukuba urhulumente wase-US angenelele kwaye anike inkxaso-mali ukuze kuthintelwe ukuwa kwazo.
Ngexesha lembandezelo yezezimali ka-2008, ukusilela kwebhanki yotyalo-mali iLehman Brothers kwabangela umphumo we-domino owakhokelela ekusondeleleni kokuwa kwenkampani enkulu ye-inshurensi iAIG kunye nokwehla okukhulu kwimarike yezitokhwe. Urhulumente wase-US kwafuneka angenelele kwaye anike inkxaso-mali kwezinye iinkampani ezinkulu zezezimali ukuze kuthintelwe ingxaki enkulu ngakumbi kwaye kukhuselwe uqoqosho ngokubanzi. Oku kwenza ukuba ingcamango ye “too big to fail” ingene nzulu, ekugqibeleni yaza yaphunyezwa kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe weebhanki kwiBasel III (2011) ngokudalwa kwe-G-SIBs: Global Systematically Important Banks.
Imigaqo yeerhafu zokutshintshiselana ngemali, iitshokhi zokubonelela, kunye nolawulo lwamaxabiso zisebenza njengesixhobo esongezelelweyo sokulawula inani lemali eshishinayo kwaye zichaphazela urhwebo noqoqosho. Nangona le migaqo ijolise ekuzinziseni amaxabiso nasekulawuleni ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukungenelela rhoqo kukhokelela kwiimeko zokunyuka nokwehla koqoqosho, ezitshabalalisa amashishini amaninzi kunye neengxowa-mali zeentsapho ezininzi.
Ukuyazi indlela ezi migaqo zisebenza ngayo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde imida yeenkqubo zemali ezilawulwa ngurhulumente. Kude kube uyayiqonda ingxaki, awuzukuyibona isisombululo.
Umsebenzi: Ibhanki yeFractional Reserve
Lo ngumsebenzi weklasi ophanda izenzo zabantu kunye neebhanki kusetyenziswa indlela ye-fractional reserve banking. Injongo kukufumana amava okuqala ngendlela esi sixhobo sandisa ngayo inani lemali eshishinayo.
Amanqaku Aphambili
- I-fraction = inxalenye yento epheleleyo.
- I-fractional reserve banking sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ziibhanki ukuboleka imali engaphezulu kunaleyo bayigcinayo, okanye “ebekelwe bucala”
- Ukuba imali egcinwayo incinci, umngcipheko ojongene neebhanki uyanda ngokubhekiselele ekubalekeni kwebhanki okanye ukusilela.
- Esi sixhobo sinokusetyenziswa ngemali enexabiso elizinzileyo (njengegolide) okanye ngemali engenaxabiso elizinzileyo (njengefiat).
- Amandla okwandisa inani lemali eshishinayo, adityaniswe neenkqubo zoncedo-mali kunye neenkqubo ze-inshurensi, ezifana ne-FDIC, zikhokelela kumngcipheko wokuziphatha kakubi kwiibhanki. Zinesizathu sokwenza izigqibo ezinobungozi kuba zihlala zifumana inzuzo, kodwa ilahleko zazo zihlawulwa ngabo bonke.
Ingcebiso kubafundi
Awudingi ukuba yingcali kwezebalo ukuze uqonde umxholo ophambili webhanki ye-reserve okanye imingcipheko yayo.
