Ukuchitha Iingcinga Ezingalunganga

Xa kungekho migangatho yegolide, akukho ndlela yokukhusela ugcino-mali ekuthathweni ngogonyamelo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Akukho ndawo ikhuselekileyo yokugcina ixabiso.
Alan Greenspan

“I-Bitcoin ayinaxabiso elingaphakathi” sisivakalisi esisoloko sisetyenziswa ngabagxeki. Sivakala ngathi sisengqiqweni kwaye singenamkhethe, kodwa asinjalo. Sisekelwe ekudidekeni kwentetho okwenziwa ngamabomu okanye ngenxa yokungazi, okanye sisimvo esingahambelaniyo. Siza kuphonononga ukuba kutheni kunjalo.

Kubonakala ngathi zikhona iinkcazelo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zexabiso elingaphakathi, nto leyo edla ngokubangela ukudideka kwentetho xa kuxoxwa ngexabiso elingaphakathi. Enye siyibiza ngokuba yinkcazelo 'yezoqoqosho' kanti enye yinkcazelo 'yefilosofi'.

Intshayelelo

Ukuze siqhubeke phambili, siqala ngeenkcazelo eziza kunceda ukucacisa ukudideka kwentetho kwaye zahlule izinto zezoqoqosho nezefilosofi.

Sichaza impahla njengento enexabiso lentengiso okanye exabiswa kwenye indawo, umzekelo kwibhala-mali yenkampani.

Sichaza impahla njengokuba inayo ixabiso lezoqoqosho ukuba impahla inexabiso, okanye ixabiso layo lilinganiswa kwenye indawo, umzekelo kwibhala-mali yenkampani.

Qaphela: Njengoko sichaza iimpahla njengezinto ezinexabiso lentengiso okanye ezilinganiswa kwenye indawo, umzekelo kwibhala-mali yenkampani, into ithathwa njengempahla kuphela xa inexabiso lezoqoqosho.

Sichaza impahla njengokuba inayo ixabiso elingaphakathi lezoqoqosho kuphela ukuba linokutsalwa ngokwamanani kwezinye izinto ngaphandle kwexabiso layo lodwa. Umzekelo, ukongeza kwixabiso, ukuhamba kwemali (ngamaRandi), kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubalwa okanye ezichaziweyo kakuhle ezifana nexesha, izinga lenzala kunye nokungazinzi. Senza okhethekileyo kwimeko yomlinganiselo ngokwawo, kule meko i-US$, ekufuneka ngokwengqiqo ibe nexabiso elingaphakathi lezoqoqosho ngokwayo.

Ixabiso, ixabiso elingaphakathi, ezomnotho kunye nefilosofi

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa ukuba iimpahla ezahlukeneyo zinexabiso okanye ixabiso elingaphakathi na.

Ukuba nexabiso lezoqoqosho elingaphakathi akuthethi nto malunga nesikhundla sefilosofi, nangona ungadingi ukwazi kuba akukho nto inexabiso lefilosofi elingaphakathi (jonga icandelo elilandelayo).

Ekubeni akukho nto inexabiso lefilosofi elingaphakathi kwaye kuphela izinto ezithile ezinenkxaso yezoqoqosho elingaphakathi, akukho sizathu sinengqiqo sokuba kube njalo nangokuchaseneyo.

Ukudideka kwentsingiselo kuvela xa abantu besithi kukho ulandelelwano oluthile lwengqiqo. Umzekelo, imeko yeBitcoin yokungabinaxabiso lefilosofi elingaphakathi isuka okanye ibangelwa kukungabikho kwayo kuxabiso lezoqoqosho elingaphakathi.

Ukuba ixabiso lezoqoqosho elingaphakathi lichazwa kuphela kwaye lingaphakathi kwemida yomlinganiso (kule meko yiRandi yaseMzantsi Afrika), alinakusixelela nto malunga nezinye iiyunithi zomlinganiso ezifana negolide okanye iBitcoin. Nangona ukuba besisebenzisa igolide okanye iBitcoin njengoyunithi yomlinganiso kwelinye itheyibhile, ziya kufumana ngokuzenzekelayo ixabiso lezoqoqosho elingaphakathi ngenxa yokuba ziyiyunithi yomlinganiso. Iiyunithi zomlinganiso wexabiso zinokuthelekiswa neeyunithi zeSI ezifana nemitha, igram okanye ikelvin. Nangona ezinye iiyunithi zikhona kwezi mpawu zomzimba, iinkcazo kunye neempawu zezi yunithi ziye zafanelekela ngokwenzululwazi ukuba zibe ngumgangatho wehlabathi. Ekugqibeleni silindele ukuba iBitcoin ibe yilinganiselo yeSI yexabiso.

Ixabiso leFilosofi Elingaphakathi

Awukwazi ukubamba okanye ukubamba ixabiso olibeka kumhlobo okanye ilungu losapho, nangona ungabamba isandla sabo. Kufana nekhoneni legolide; ungabamba ikhoyini, kodwa hayi ixabiso ngokwalo. Akukho mntu wakha wabona 'ixabiso' njengento ebonakalayo. Akukho mntu wakha wathi ufumene 'ixabiso', okanye 'ixabiso' elithile, libekwe phantsi. Kungabakho izinto ezibonakalayo esizixabisayo, kodwa azoqobo aziloxabiso ngokwazo. Singaba, okanye singabi, ngexesha elithile, sibeke ixabiso kuzo. Umzekelo, singacinga ngexabiso lamanzi, abalulekile ekuphuhliseni ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso esilibeka emanzini lingatshintsha ngokwexesha nendawo. Thelekisa ixabiso lawo kwezi meko:

• Ekhaya, apho amatheko anokubonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo amaninzi xa efuneka (ixabiso eliphantsi ngalo mzuzu?)
• Uwela intlango, okanye ulwandle, kuhambo oluthatha iintsuku ezininzi (ixabiso eliphezulu uninzi lwexesha?)
• Embindini wedama lamanzi amatsha, usengozini yokuntywiliselwa (ixabiso elibi?)

Ngoko ke, xa kungekho bungqina bomzimba kufuneka sigqibe kwelokuba 'ixabiso' alikho njengento ebonakalayo.

Ke, ukuba alikho emzimbeni, ixabiso kufuneka libe likho kuphela kwihlabathi elingabonakaliyo leengcinga, iimvakalelo kunye neembono. Njengoko lingumxholo ongabonakaliyo, sithintela ingxoxo yethu engqondweni yomntu kwaye siyeke umxholo wokuba ezinye iintlobo zobomi zinokuba nembono yexabiso, ukuba ikhona.

Ingcinga kunye nomda ongentla kukhokelela kwingqwalasela yokuba ngabantu kuphela abanika izinto ezibonakalayo ixabiso. Ixabiso yingcinga, umbono, okanye uluvo: into engabonakaliyo. Ngoko ke, ixabiso alinakuba lingaphakathi kuyo nayiphi na into ebonakalayo okanye imathiriyeli kuba 'elingaphakathi' lithetha 'elililungu lobume okanye ulwakhiwo lwento' (Merriam-Webster). Ingcinga yakho, umbono okanye uluvo alunakuba yinxalenye yobume obuyimfuneko bento ebonakalayo, kuba ukuba kunjalo, kuthekani ngeengcinga, imibono kunye neembono zabanye abantu ezahlukeneyo? Ukuba sibeka into phantsi kwe-microscope, kungakhathaliseki ukuba siyandisa kangakanani, asizukubona ezi ngcinga, imibono kunye neembono zidibeneyo naphi na.

Ukuba into ebonakalayo inokuba nexabiso elingaphakathi, ke ixabiso layo lingabakho ngaphandle kokuba nabani na ebantwini. Kodwa, kuba ixabiso linikwa ngabantu kuphela, oko kungabangela ukungqubana. Ngoko ke 'ixabiso elingaphakathi' liyaphikisana ngokwalo, liyingxoxo-moron.

Ngoku sicinga ukuba umntu okanye into eyenziwe ngumntu engabonakaliyo inokuba nexabiso elingaphakathi. Mhlawumbi umntu unokuthi unexabiso elingaphakathi, kuba ubuncinane kukho umntu omnye onokunika ixabiso: umntu ngokwakhe. Kodwa, ukuba uziva engenamdla wokuphila, kuthetha ukuba akasazixabisi, ngoko ke naba bantu ngokwabo basenokungabinaxabiso elingaphakathi?

Kwimeko yezinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezibonakalayo (umzekelo: oomatshini / ubugcisa) kunye nezinto ezingabonakaliyo (umzekelo: iingcinga) sicinga ngekamva apho kungekho bantu. Kulo mhlaba, akukho xabiso lishiyekileyo kuyo nantoni na eyenziwe ngabantu kuba akukho mntu unokunika elo xabiso. Ngoko ke, nezinto ezenziwe ngabantu kunye neengcinga azinakuba nexabiso elingaphakathi.

Xa abantu besebenzisa isivakalisi esithi 'akanaxabiso elingaphakathi', mhlawumbi abazi ukuba akukho nto inalo ixabiso elingaphakathi, kwaye ke oko bakuthethayo akunantsingiselo, okanye bathetha enye into, umzekelo: 'Andilixabisi.' Le ayisiyo ngxoxo exhasayo, yinkcazo nje yembono yabo, kodwa ifakwe ngendlela ezama ukwenza ibonakale ngathi inobuchule ngakumbi kunokuba injalo. Inyani kukuba oku kubonisa ukuba lowo ubanga akayiqondi into ethethwa lixabiso, elingaphakathi okanye elinye. Kukho uxinzelelo oluthile apha; ukuba angabanga oku kungabonisa isizathu esisisiseko sokuba engayixabisi iBitcoin, kuba uphoswa lolwazi olusisiseko malunga nendalo yexabiso.

Enye into abantu abanokuyithetha xa besebenzisa isivakalisi esithi 'iBitcoin ayinaxabiso elingaphakathi', kukuba 'Andicingi ukuba iBitcoin inasisebenziseka.' Kuyabonakala ukuba le yinkcazo yomntu, kwaye abaninzi abanye bayaphikisa kwaye bacinga ukuba inezinto ezininzi ezisebenzisekayo, bayayisebenzisa, kwaye banokubonisa ngokuthe ngqo imizekelo emininzi esakhulayo yokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ixabiso, ixabiso elingaphakathi, ezomnotho kunye nefilosofi

Ixabiso kunye nemali azizo zinto ezibonakalayo, ziyingcinga, ziyinto engabonakaliyo.

Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nezizathu kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwemali ebantwini jonga inxalenye 1, izahluko 1-4 zeBroken Money kaLyn Alden. Umhlathi olandelayo yinkcazo ephezulu kakhulu yento eyenzekileyo; asibangi ukuba yenzeka ngolu hlobo, kodwa sichaza ukuba kutheni yenzeka ngokujonga emva.

Abantu baqonda kwangoko ukuba ngokutshintshiselana ngokuzithandela amaqela omabini anokuxhamla. Iqela ngalinye, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, lixabisa into elungele ukuyitshintsha ngaphezulu kwento elungele ukuyifumana. Ekugqibeleni le ndlela yokuxhamla yakhokelela ebantwini ekwenzeni ingcinga enxulumene nexabiso ethe yaba luncedo kakhulu. Ukuba kuvumelana uluntu ukuba izinto ezithile ezibonakalayo zixatyiswa kakhulu, ngoko ngokutshintshiselana ngazo singafumana izibonelelo ezininzi ngokurhweba ngakumbi, sithumele ixabiso phakathi kwethu ngoku kwaye mhlawumbi nangexesha elizayo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, phantse ngokuqinisekileyo asizange siyilungiselele ngengcinga, okanye ngenxa yesi sizathu, kunokwenzeka ukuba yaveliswa ngokwendalo kwimarike ngenxa yomnqweno wokurhweba, kwaye sinika olu hlalutyo ukuchaza ukuba kutheni yaveliswa. Le ngcinga yokulinganisa nokuhambisa ixabiso ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yimali.

Imali namhlanje

Phantse kulo lonke ixesha lobukho babantu de kwango-1971 abantu babephethwe kukusebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo 'ukuthwala' ixabiso kwaye ezi zinto zavumela utshintshiselwano lwexabiso oluyimfuneko kuphuhliso loqoqosho olunzima. Emva koko, ngo-1971, xa uRichard Nixon wayemisa ukuguqulwa kweDollar yaseMelika ibe ligolide, saqala uvavanyo olusondeleyo kwimbali lokubona ukuba singakwazi na ukwenza imali ibe yinto engabonakaliyo ngokuyinxulumanisa kwenye into ngaphandle kwempahla ebonakalayo. Sasinengcinga yokuba mhlawumbi singanamathelisa ixabiso kwinto engabonakaliyo, le nto engabonakaliyo yayiyingcinga ngokwayo engenakubanjwa okanye ibanjwe ngokwasemzimbeni – amandla karhulumente; oku kwakunguukwahlulwa kwemali kwizinto.

Oku kwenziwe ngempumelelo eyahlukeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Kwicala eliphumeleleyo, iFranc yaseSwitzerland ilahlekelwe yi-78% yexabiso layo phakathi kuka-1956 no-2024, ngelixa iDollar yaseMelika ilahlekelwe ngaphezulu kwe-91% yexabiso layo ngexesha elifanayo (umthombo: in2013dollars.com). Xa kuthelekiswa, iBolivar yaseVenezuela ilahlekelwe ngaphezulu kwe-99% yexabiso layo ngo-2018 kuphela, oku kwakungaphezulu kokulahleka kwe-90% ngo-2017.

Umahluko ubonisa nokuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zopolitiko ekwakheni ingcinga apho imali isekwe kuyo, kwaye ke indlela abantu baxhomekeke ngayo kubuchule borhulumente abahlala kuwo. Ngelishwa, kuwo onke amazwe, iinkqubo zopolitiko azinakuxelwa, kwaye oko akusiso isiseko esihle sokuxhasa isiseko esibalulekileyo koqoqosho lwethu. Okubi nangakumbi, iinkqubo zopolitiko, ezikhokelwa ngabantu, zihlala zivulelekile ekuchatshazweni yinto leyo (imali) ekufuneka, kule ndlela, iyixhase. Oku kudala umjikelo wokuphendula xa kudityaniswe nokungaqinisekiyo kwendalo kudala ukungazinzi. Ukukwazi kwemali ukuchaphazela iinkqubo zopolitiko ezixhasa yona kudala imivuzo engalunganga kurhulumente nakweminye imibutho okanye abantu abanamandla kwezopolitiko okanye kwezemali. Le mivuzo inokuba ibangele, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo inegalelo, ekonakaleni kwezopolitiko kunye nokwehla kokubonwa kokulingana kwenkqubo. Ingxaki enkulu yezeMali ka-2008-2009 kunye neziphumo zayo yayiyimpawu yale ngxaki.

Urhulumente ngumbutho kuluntu ozama ukugcina ilungelo lokusebenzisa amandla kunye nodlame kwindawo ethile
Murray Rothbard

Nangona ineziphene zayo, ubuncinane le nkxaso yemali iyafana nendalo yemali ngokwayo – iyinto engabonakaliyo – ingcinga – oko kukukholwa kwabantu kumandla karhulumente (okanye ixabiso elibekwe ngabantu ekuphepheni iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho obekwe ngumbutho onelungelo lodlame kule ndawo). Ngeke kubekho urhulumente okanye amandla karhulumente ngaphandle kwengqondo yomntu. Nakwimali yephepha, ngoku engeyiyo inxalenye enkulu yemali ekhoyo, icacile ukuba luphawu lwengcinga, akukho mntu uyixabisayo iphepha ngokwalo, kwaye ayixhaswanga ngqo yinto ebonakalayo exabiswayo.

Ekupheleni kuka-2008 / ekuqaleni kuka-2009, ngokusekelwe kwizifundo kwisayensi yekhompyutha, kwavela ingcinga entsha ebonakala ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nemali engabonakaliyo ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zopolitiko ukuyixhasa. Imali engahlukanisiyo nexabiso layo; imali engenasisebenziseka ngaphandle kokuba yimali; imali ebukho bayo (engabonakaliyo) ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwinto yokuba yimali, kwaye ingaphela ukuba ibingekho. Imali exhaswa yimathematika kunye ne-physics, ezithembeke ngakumbi kuneenkqubo zopolitiko. Ukongeza, imathematika kunye ne-physics azichatshazelwa yimali ngokwayo; akukho mpendulo yemali kwiimathematika zamacandelo anomda, imali ayikho ngaphandle komthetho wokugcinwa kwamandla. Le mali yinto esulungekileyo yengcinga yexabiso esiyinika kwizinto ezibonakalayo, okanye esizame ukuyixhasa ngeenkqubo zopolitiko ezingaqinisekanga;ukwahlulwa kwemali kwizinto norhulumente.

Le mali yinto ebonakalayo kuphela, ayinakwahlulwa kwixabiso elibekwe kuyo, yahlulwe kuyo nantoni na eyinyani, kodwa inesiseko esincinci esixhonywe kwinyani ebonakalayo ukuze ikhuseleke kwaye ibe yinqabileyo. Kufuneka kube nesiseko ukuze nangona ingekho ngokwenyama kwindalo iphela, le mali isenokuthi ithintelwe yimida yenyani ebonakalayo. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba ngaphandle koko, imali ingavela kwindawo engenamida, ngelixa isetyenziswa ukudlulisa ixabiso kwindawo enemiqathango yenyani ebonakalayo. Imali kufuneka ithintelwe ukuze ibonakalise imiqathango yendalo ngokwayo.

Isiseko esitsha kwixesha namandla esivelayo kwinto entsha kaSatoshi sinokubonwa njengotshintsho kwisisindo kunye nendawo-mali eyayifihlakele kwizinto ezazisetyenziswa ngaphambili, ezifana neengqekembe zegolide, ezazikwazi ukufumaneka kwindawo enye kuphela ngexesha elinye kwaye ngaloo ndlela zibonisa imiqathango yendalo. Igolide yayisebenza njengesikhonkco sokudibanisa ukudalwa kwemali kwimpahla ebonakalayo ukugcina ixabiso layo. Kodwa ukhuseleko, iindleko kunye nobunzima bokuthutha le Golide ukusuka kumthengi ukuya kumthengisi kumgama omde kwaba yinto enzima, kwakhokelela ekubeni igcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina kwaye ithathelwe indawo ngamaphepha-mali asebhankini. Bitcoin endaweni yoko idibanisa imali namandla omzimba ekudalweni nasekukhuseleni, kodwa ixabiso ligcinwa kwinethiwekhi kwaye linokudluliselwa kwihlabathi lonke ngendleko eziphantsi kwaye endaweni yokhuseleko lomzimba kusetyenziswa ukufihla ulwazi.

Le yimali yethu, yeyakho okanye iza kuba yeyakho, kunye neyenzala yakho. Le mali yi bitcoin.

Kuyamangalisa ukuba uphumezo lwale mizekelo - efakwe ngaphakathi kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin kunye nomgaqo-siseko wayo - luye lwahlala lungatshintshanga ukusukela oko yakhululwa okokuqala kwaye ibonakalise ukusebenza okuqhubekayo okugqwesileyo. Ngale ndlela, kubonakala ngathi uSatoshi waqonda ukubaluleka koyilo oluzinzileyo kunye nophumezo oluthembekileyo olugubungela yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo (kunye neempawu ezibavumelayo) ukusukela ngosuku lokuqala. Ngale ndlela, iBitcoin ibonakala ifana nesisombululo sobunjineli be-software esisebenza ngexesha langempela, esibalulekileyo ekhuselekeni kwaye sivavanywa phantsi koxinzelelo, njengenkqubo yokubhabha, apho ukusilela kuza neendleko ezinkulu ebantwini kunye nomonakalo kwigama.

Bitcoin imele uhlobo lokuqala lwemali oludalwe luluntu olusebenza kakuhle kwihlabathi ledijithali esingena kulo ngokukhawuleza. Inamandla okutshintsha utshintsho lweminyaka eli-100 ukusuka kwimali enye yehlabathi ukuya kwenye esiyibonileyo kule minyaka ilishumi eliwaka idlulileyo, ibe yeyona mali kuphela esiyidingayo kwixesha elizayo.

2.2.0 Intshayelelo

Ugxeko oluqhelekileyo olujoliswe kwi-Bitcoin kukuba isebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu kwaye ke iyingozi kwindalo. Oku sele kuqhubeka iminyaka njengoko imizekelo engentla ibonisa, ngoko ke ingaba i-Bitcoin isebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu, okanye ingaba inokuba luncedo ekutshintsheni ukuya kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye incede iinkampani ekuzibopheleleni kwazo kwi-ESG?.

Umbuzo wokuqala ekufuneka ucingwe ngawo kukuba umntu angawulinganisa njani ngokungakhethi ukuba into efana ne-Bitcoin isebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu okanye 'iyingozi kwindalo'? Ukuba igunya elithile alikholelwa kwixabiso le-Bitcoin, liya kuthi nawuphi na amandla asetyenziswa kuyo achithwa, kuba angasetyenziswa kwenye into engcono. Ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bavuma ukubonelela ngamandla okuqhuba inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin, ngubani igunya eliphakathi ekufuneka ligqibe ukuba bavunyelwe ukwenza njalo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-Bitcoin kuvela ikakhulu kumsebenzi wokumba (mining). Endaweni yokuba le nto ibe yingxaki, le ndlela yokudibanisa izixhobo zehlabathi lokwenyani ukwenza iibhloko, ukuqinisekisa iintengiselwano kunye nokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin yenye yezinto ezintsha eziphambili ze-Bitcoin.

Inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin isebenzisa inani elikhulu lamandla, kodwa olu kusetyenziswa kwenza inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin yomelele kwaye ikhuselekile.

Ngoko ke, ingaba i-Bitcoin isebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu?

Xa ucinga ngalo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba uyithelekisa nantoni

1. Igolide yenye indlela yemali eqinileyo. Ke ngoko, kufanelekile ukujonga ukuba zingaphi izixhobo zamandla ezisetyenziswa ukufumana, ukukhupha, ukuwulungisa nokugcina igolide, ngokuqhelekileyo kwindawo yokugcina.
2. Inkqubo yemali ye-fiat iquka yonke ingqalasizinda yeebhanki, amasebe, amaziko edatha, kunye neofisi.
3. Oku kuthelekiswa njani nezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla?
4. Yintoni ixabiso elibonelelwa yi-Bitcoin kwihlabathi ngokuthelekiswa namandla asetyenzisiweyo?
5. Ingaba ikhona enye indlela enokuthenjwa endaweni ye-Proof of Work (POW) ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko lwemali engaphantsi kolawulo kunye nonikezelo olungaguqukiyo?
6. Inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin inganika njani izibonelelo kwezinye amashishini, njengokwamkelwa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse okanye ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla kwezinye izicelo?

2.2.1 Igolide njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso engaphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwishishini lokumba igolide akulula ukukala njengase-Bitcoin.

IMarike Ayiboni Ukusetyenziswa Okukhulu Kwamandla Kwishishini Lokumba Igolide.Steve St Angelo

Nangona inqaku elikhankanywe ngasentla sele lidala, izimvo zakhona zisasebenza.

Imihla yokufumana igolide ngobuninzi kwaye ifikeleleke lula, njengexesha leCalifornia gold rush, sele idlulile. Ngokufana nendlela i-Bitcoin's proof-of-work enzima ngakumbi ukufumana isiphumo esifanayo, umgodi wegolide kufuneka afumane aze ahluze amatye amaninzi ukufumana iigrama ezimbalwa zegolide.

Uphuculo kwitekhnoloji yokufumana nokukhupha igolide lulinganiswe lixesha ngokobunzima obunyukayo bokuyifumana ukuze kubekho ukonyuka okuzinzileyo kwinani legolide, okanye ukonyuka kwexabiso, malunga ne-2% ngonyaka.

1. Uphando: Iminyaka emi-1 ukuya kwemi-5 ukufumanisa imithombo enokubakho kunye nokumba imizekelo.
2. Ukukhupha: Ukukhupha iitoni zamatye eziphambili nokulayisha kwiilori ezinkulu.
3. Ezothutho: Ezi lori zisebenzisa amandla e-fossil fuel, zihlala zisebenzisa iilitha ezimbalwa ngekhilomitha, kwaye zifuna amandla ukuveliswa kwazo.
4. Ukugaya: Xa iitoni zamatye zifikile kwindawo, kufuneka ziqhushulwe zize zigrundwe ngakumbi ukukhulula igolide.
5. Ukunyibilikisa: Ukunyibilikisa kufuna ukufudumeza igolide kubushushu obuphezulu ukususa ukungcola nokuyicoca ngakumbi.
6. Ukuphosa: Igolide iyanyibilikiswa kwaye yenziwe iibhari ngokuyigalela kwiimoulds.
7. Ezothutho: Iibhari zegolide emva koko zihanjiswa phantsi kokhuseleko olukhulu.
8. Ukugcinwa: Iibhari zegolide emva koko zigcinwa kwiindawo zokugcina zebhanki.

Zonke ezi nkqubo zifuna amandla amaninzi. Besingeke sikwazi ukukhupha igolide elingako njengokuba sisenza ngoku ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla e-fossil fuel amaninzi.

2.2.2 Inkqubo yeBhanki yeFiat

Inkqubo yangoku ye-fiat banking ayithelekiseki ngokuthe ngqo ne-Bitcoin. Ukuze kufezekiswe isisombululo sokugqibela esinikezelwa yi-Bitcoin, kufuna imiqolo emininzi yokusombulula kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweekhanki kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwinqanaba lesizwe, lelizwe kunye nelamazwe ngamazwe. I-Lightning nayo inika isisombululo esifanayo kwinkqubo yamakhadi ekhoyo. Ukubala ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwale nkqubo kunzima kakhulu, kodwa kufuneka kubandakanye:

• Ingqalasizinda yeofisi esetyenziswa ziibhanki kwihlabathi liphela
• Amaziko edatha akhoyo okuqhuba inkqubo yemali yangoku
• Onke amasebe okuthengisa akhoyo ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zemali
• Inethiwekhi ye-ATM yehlabathi
• Ingqalasizinda yababoneleli bamakhadi (ikakhulu iVisa neMastercard)

Ukulinganisa amandla asetyenziselwa ukugcina le ngqalasizinda kunzima kakhulu, kodwa i-Galaxy Digital Mining yazama ukwenza njalo kwingxelo yangoMeyi 2021.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-Bitcoin kuthelekiswa kakuhle kwezi ndlela zimbini.

IDola yaseMelika ibe yimali egcinwe kwihlabathi lonke emva kokuthatha ulawulo kwiPound yaseUK ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Emva kokunqunyulwa ngokupheleleyo kumgangatho wegolide kunye nokusekwa kwepetrodollar ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-70, isiseko esiyintloko seUSD ibe ngumkhosi onika ukhuseleko kule mali. Amandla okubonisa amandla omkhosi asekelwe kwixabiso leUSD, kodwa iindleko zemali kunye nezabantu zale ndlela kunzima ukuzilinganisa.

Okokuqala, iBitcoin kunye neVisa ziinkqubo ezahluke ngokupheleleyo. IBitcoin yinkqubo epheleleyo, ezimeleyo yokuhlawula ngemali; iintengiselwano zeVisa azigqitywanga, zisebenza njengemali-mboleko emfutshane ezixhomekeke kwiindlela zokuhlawula zangaphandle. I-Visa ixhomekeke kwi-ACH, Fedwire, SWIFT, inkqubo yeebhanki ezisebenzisana kwihlabathi, iFederal Reserve, kwaye, kunjalo, kumandla omkhosi kunye nobudlelwane bezopolitiko bukaRhulumente waseMelika ukuqinisekisa ukuba konke oku kusebenza kakuhle.
Nic Carter

2.2.3 Ithelekiswa njani le nto nezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla?

I-Bitcoin isebenzisa amandla amaninzi ukukhusela inethiwekhi, kodwa ithelekiswa njani le nto nezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla?

IYunivesithi yaseCambridge idibanisa uhlaziyo oluphila ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwamandla yiBitcoin kwaye isinika uqikelelo lwangoku (2022);

• Ngokwemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi, baye babala ukuba iBitcoin ithatha i-0.28% (Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi lonke yi-115,575 TWh)
• Ngokwemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi, baye babala ukuba iBitcoin ithatha i-0.56% (Ukusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi lonke yi-22,315 TWh)

Njengoko ubona, nangona iBitcoin isebenzisa amandla, le nto incinci kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi, kwaye umntu angathi ukudala nokukhusela imali yehlabathi engenamvume kungaba luncedo olukhulu ebantwini kunokuba, umzekelo, kusetyenziswe amandla ukomisa iimpahla okanye kube lula ukuba nezixhobo zombane ezifana neTVs zihlale zixhonywe.

Ke, lixabiso lini elifunyanwa lihlabathi kumandla asetyenziswa yiBitcoin?

2.2.4 Ziziphi izibonelelo zokusebenzisa la mandla yiBitcoin?

Sibonile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla yiBitcoin kuthelekiswa njani nezinye iindlela zemali ezifana neGolide kunye nenkqubo yemali yangoku, kodwa sifumana ntoni kumandla asetyenziswa yiBitcoin?

Iintengiselwano zeBitcoin zisebenza kakuhle kuba zenza ukuba kuthunyelwe ixabiso kwihlabathi lonke phantse kwangoko, kwaye intlawulo igqityiwe, into engenakuthelekiswa.

• Imali esandleni inokuvelisa intlawulo ekhawulezileyo nengagqitywanga, kodwa isebenza kuphela kubantu abakufuphi.
• Ukusebenzisa amakhadi etyala kunokubonakala ngathi kwenza kube lula ukuhlawula ngedijithali kwangoko, kodwa eneneni kufana nemali-mboleko emfutshane encediswa liqela labadlali abaninzi abasebenza ngasemva ukuqinisekisa intengiselwano nganye, kwaye bonke bafuna isabelo sabo esincinci ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo.

Iindawo ezimbini apho iBitcoin ichazwa njengengcolisa amandla kukwi-Mechanism yeProof of Work, nakwindalo esasazekileyo ye-ledger, apho i-node nganye inokuba nekopi epheleleyo ye-ledger. Ezi mpawu zisisiseko zenza iBitcoin ibe yimali yokwenene esasazekileyo. Ikwenza ukuba i-node nganye iqinisekise ukuba intengiselwano nganye ivumelekile kwaye idibanisa iindleko zamandla ezizezakwenyani kwinkqubo yokudala iibhloko. Le nto yenza iBitcoin ikwazi ukuphepha naliphi na igunya eliphakathi elinokutshintsha imithetho ngokungacwangciswanga, lidale iBitcoin entsha, licime iintengiselwano okanye 'liphindaphinde' iBitcoin, okanye ivale inkqubo. Iimfuno zokusebenzisa amandla zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umntu athathe ulawulo kwiBitcoin blockchain ngenxa yeendleko ezinkulu ezifunekayo ukuvelisa iibhloko ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze uhlaselo luphumelele. Oku kuqinisekisa 'indleko engenakwenziwa-bubuxoki' yokuhlasela iBitcoin, ngaloo ndlela kufana nokunqongophala kwegolide kwindawo yedijithali.

2.2.5 Ingaba ikhona enye indlela enokusebenza endaweni yePOW kunye ne-ledger esasazekileyo ukuze kubekho ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko kwimali esasazekileyo enesixa esisigxina?

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amandla asetyenziswa yiBitcoin ayachithwa, kodwa usabona isibonelelo sokuba nemali yehlabathi esasazekileyo engenamvume enesixa esisigxina, zeziphi ezinye iindlela?

Umzekelo ophakathi

Enye indlela ingaba kukuba nenkqubo elawulwa yiseva ephakathi (okanye iiseva ezininzi) eqinisekisa iintengiselwano xa zifika ngokuthelekisa ne-ledger. Ukuze inkqubo ikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye ingaphazamiseki, oku kungabandakanya iiseva ezininzi ezisebenzisana ukulawula inkqubo kunye nokulawula ukuhanjiswa kweemali ezintsha. Umbuzo ngowokuba ngubani oza kulawula ezi seva kwaye aqinisekise ukuba umthetho uyalandelwa? Njengoko watsho uSatoshi Nakamoto ngo-2009:

Iinzame zangaphambili zokudala imali yedijithali ziquka imizekelo yeenkqubo ezisebenzisa iiseva eziphakathi ezavalwa ngamagunya. Olu lwazi lwachaphazela uphuhliso lweBitcoin ukuze kuphephe ezi ngxaki.

Ingxaki ephambili ngemali yesiqhelo kukuthembela okukhulu okufunekayo ukuze isebenze. Ibhanki ephakathi kufuneka ithembeke ukuba ayiyi kunciphisa ixabiso lemali, kodwa imbali yemali ye-fiat izele ziziganeko zokungathembeki.Satoshi Nakamoto

Imali yeBhanki Ephakathi yedijithali

Iibhanki ezininzi eziphambili kwihlabathi liphela zisebenza ekuphuhliseni iiCBDC - enye indlela esekwe kwi-blockchain kwinkqubo yemali yangoku. Ingxelo yakutshanje evela kwiKomiti yezoqoqosho yeLords (Januwari 2022) yagqiba kwelokuba iiCBDC 'zisombululo ezifuna ingxaki' ezinokuthi zikhokelele ku:

• Ukususwa kobumfihlo kuyo nayiphi na intengiselwano engaziwayo
• Iimfuno zeKYC kuzo zonke iiwallets kunye nokusetyenziswa
• Imigaqo-mali engaqhelekanga (njengokubeka umhla wokuphelelwa kwemali egcinwe okanye imida yokusetyenziswa, umzekelo umda wokuthenga utywala)
• Imingcipheko yokhuseleko evela kuhlaselo lwe-cyber

Endaweni yokufezekisa injongo yokuba nemali yehlabathi engenamvume, iiCBDC zingagxila amandla amakhulu ngakumbi ezandleni zikaRhulumente kunye namagunya ezemali.

Proof of Stake

Enye indlela yokulawula imali esekwe kwi-blockchain ngelixa kugcinwa inqanaba elithile lokusasazeka kukutshintsha inkqubo yePOW ngeProof of Stake okanye POS.

I-Ethereum, enye i-crypto currency, itshintshele kwiPOS kutshanje kwaye yathi ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla okuye kwafunyanwa kwenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi njengenkqubo. Isebenza njani ke?

Nge-proof of stake, abathathi-nxaxheba abaziwa njenge 'validators' bavala isixa esithile se-cryptocurrency okanye iitokheni zabo—'umngcipheko' wabo—kwisivumelwano esikrelekrele kwi-blockchain. Ngokutshintshiselana, bafumana ithuba lokuqinisekisa iintengiselwano ezintsha kwaye bafumane umvuzo. Kodwa ukuba baqinisekisa idatha engalunganga okanye yobuqhetseba, banokuphulukana nenxalenye okanye yonke imali yabo njengohlwayo.

I-algorithm ye-blockchain ikhetha abaqinisekisi ukuba bajonge ibhloko nganye entsha yedatha ngokusekelwe kwimali yabo abayibeke emngciphekweni. Okukhona ubeka emngciphekweni, kokukhona amathuba akho okukhethwa ukwenza umsebenzi. Xa idatha eqinisekiswe ngumqinisekisi yongezwa kwi-blockchain, bafumana i-crypto entsha njengomvuzo.

Ngokwengqiqo, kusetyenziswa le ndlela, abantu sele benemithombo yezixhobo emininzi ebekwe kwinkqubo baya kufumana amathuba amaninzi okuqinisekisa iibhloko ezintsha kwaye bafumane umvuzo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxileni kwamandla ekuhambeni kwexesha. Baza kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela inkqubo eqhuba ngayo, kwaye oku kuvula inethiwekhi kwiingozi zokuthengwa ngenkohliso kunye notshintsho kwinkqubo ukuze kuxhamle abanikazi abakhulu. Ukwenziwa kwemali 'simahla' ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwangoko kwaye bona bafumana izibonelelo kufana nenkqubo yemali ye-fiat apho abantu abaphakathi bafumana ixabiso ngendleko zabanye abasebenzisi. Oku kuchasene nemigaqo yemali ezinzileyo kunye nokwabiwa ngokulinganayo okusekelwe kumzamo, into emi phambili kwiBitcoin.

2.2.6 Ingaba indlela iBitcoin esebenzisa ngayo amandla inokuba luncedo kwezinye amashishini?

Nangona izikhalazo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla yiBitcoin ziqale ukusukela oko yaqala ukufumana ingqwalasela ngaphandle, uphuhliso olutsha nolunomdla kukuba indlela eyodwa iBitcoin esebenzisa ngayo amandla inokuba luncedo:

• Ukuvumela amandla avuselelekayo
• Ukuzisa umbane kwiindawo ezikude
• Impendulo kwimfuno yegridi
• Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ubushushu
• Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zebhanki kwabo bangenazo
• Ukusebenzisa amandla avela elwandle
• Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yeMethane
• Ukusebenzisa amandla azinzileyo

Ukuvumela amandla avuselelekayo

Ukumba iBitcoin yindawo yokhuphiswano enkulu, abavukuzi bayakhuthazwa ukuba baphucule ukusebenza kwabo kwaye balawule iindleko zokuvelisa, eyona ndleko inkulu apha ngumbane. Ngoko ke abavukuzi bahlala befuna imithombo yombane enexabiso eliphantsi, leyo idla ngokunxulunyaniswa namandla ombane angasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo avela kwi-hydro, umoya okanye ilanga.

Amandla omoya nelanga anemida, imveliso yomoya iyatshintsha kwaye ilanga alisoloko likhanya. Izityalo zamandla avuselelekayo zihlala zikhuthazwa ukuhambisa umbane ngendlela ehambelana nezivumelwano. Oku kungakhokelela kumngcipheko wokungalingani phakathi kwemfuno kunye nokubonelelwa okufuneka kulungiswe.

Abavukuzi beBitcoin banokumisa izixhobo zabo naphi na, kuquka nokuzisondeza kwezi zixhobo zamandla ahlaziyekayo, bephendula njengomthwalo oguquguqukayo onokusebenza ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yokubonelela kunye nemfuno. Le ndlela yokuguqula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokubonelela okugqithisileyo kunye/okanye imfuno esezantsi yentengiso inokuvelisa iz incentives ezongezelelweyo zokwakha amandla ongezelelweyo. Oku kunokuphucula uqoqosho lwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Umzekelo, ingxelo yakutshanje ithe 

‘Isicwangciso sikarhulumente wase-UK sokunciphisa ixesha lokulibaziseka kweeprojekthi zokudibanisa umbane kwigridi ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-6 kuphela, sinokunceda ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweefama zomoya.’ Khawucinge ukuba zonke ezo fama zomoya zazinokwazi ukuvukuza iBitcoin ngelixa zilinde ukudityaniswa kwigridi.

Impendulo kwimfuno

Ukongeza ekubeni ngumthengi wokugqibela xa imfuno iphantsi, abavukuzi beBitcoin banethuba lokusebenza njengomthwalo oguquguqukayo ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zempendulo kwimfuno ezilungelelanisa iigridi zombane. Oku kufezekiswa kukuba imisebenzi yokuvukuza inokuphazanyiswa nangaliphi na ixesha ukuze banciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwaye abuyele kwigridi xa imfuno igqitha unikezelo olukhoyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuphezulu. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo okanye okuphantsi, umvelisi wombane ufuna umthengi olungileyo kuwo onke amaWathi avelisiweyo ukuze kuncitshiswe inkcitho kwaye kuphuculwe ingeniso. Ukunyuka okukhulu kwemigodi yeBitcoin kungavuzwa abavelisi bombane ngenxa yotyalo-mali lwabo kunye nokulinganisa umthwalo ngexesha lokuphakama kwemveliso ngalo lonke ixesha.

Ukunciphisa imethane

Imethane ligesi ekhupha ubushushu evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo efana nemigodi yamalahle, inkunkuma, kunye neenkqubo zoshishino ezifana nokutsalwa kweoyile negesi. Kukho ingqwalasela enkulu ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwemethane, kuba imalunga namaxesha angama-80 inamandla ngakumbi njengegesi ekhupha ubushushu kunedayokside yekhabhoni ngokweNkqubo yezeNdalo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ke, inganceda njani imigodi yeBitcoin? Iinkampani ezikhethekileyo ekwakheni amaziko edatha aphathwayo asebenza ngogesi ovela kwigesi yendalo engasetyenziswa, ngoku zisebenzisana neenkampani zeoyile negesi ukuguqula igesi etshisiweyo ibe ngumbane wokuvukuza iBitcoin. Oku kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi kwaye kudala umthombo wengeniso ongezelelweyo wokwenza imali ngombane obungekho semthethweni.

Iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma nazo zingumthombo omkhulu wokukhutshwa kwemethane, kwaye ezinye iinkampani ezisakhulayo zigxile ekugodeni iBitcoin kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma zikamasipala e-USA, nto leyo evumela abaphathi beendawo zokulahla inkunkuma ukuba baguqule ukukhutshwa kwemethane kube ngombane oluncedo, kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yezakhiwo zabo.

Ukuzisa umbane kwiindawo ezikude

Kulinganiselwa ukuba abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-770 kwihlabathi lonke abanaso isibane, uninzi lwabo luhlala e-Afrika engaphantsi kweSahara. Ukungabikho kwezixhobo zothungelwano yenye yezizathu eziphambili, nto leyo edala imfuneko yeemicrogrid ezixhomekeke kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo asekuhlaleni. Uninzi lwezi microgrid zixhaswa ngemisitho kwaye zihlala zinesithintelo semali. Abavukuzi beBitcoin banokubambisana kwezi microgrid kwaye bavumele abaphathi ukuba benze imali ngombane obungekho semthethweni ngenxa yokungahambelani kwemfuno kunye nonikezelo. Oku ke kubonelela ngombane ongaguquguqukiyo kwaye ongabizi kakhulu kubahlali ngokunyusa umthwalo oluncedo kwigridi yasekuhlaleni kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Inkampani yokuvukuza iBitcoin nayo inethuba elingcono lokufumana imali-mboleko yophuhliso kuba imele umthombo wengeniso okhawulezayo kule projekthi.

Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zezezimali kwabo bangenazo iiakhawunti zebhanki

Amandla okubonelela ngeenkonzo zezezimali kubantu abasondeleyo kwi-1.4 bhiliyoni abangafikeleli kwiinkonzo zezezimali avuleka ngokwandiswa kothungelwano lweBitcoin kunye neLightning, imigodi inokuvulela abantu ukufikelela kwiBitcoin engafuni KYC. Nangona ingengumphumo ngqo wokusebenzisa amandla kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezikude njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla kunokunceda ekuziseni iinkonzo zezezimali kwabo bengenakufikelela kuzo.

Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ubushushu

Imigodi yeBitcoin yamkela itekhnoloji entsha ngokuphinda isebenzise ubushushu obuphuma kwimigodi ukuxhasa ukupholisa okuphambili, ukufakwa kobushushu, kunye nokufudumeza amakhaya, iipuli zokuqubha, kunye neendawo zokulima ezivaliweyo. Imigodi yeBitcoin ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi. Obu bushushu bunokusebenzisa ukufudumeza amakhaya, izakhiwo, iindawo zokulima ezivaliweyo, kunye neepuli zokuqubha.

Ukusebenzisa amandla avela elwandle

Uguqulo lwamandla obushushu bolwandle (OTEC) ibingumbono iminyaka emininzi, kunye neepototype ezisebenzisa umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwamanzi ashushu aphezulu olwandle kunye namanzi abandayo anzulu ukwenza amandla asetyenziswa. IBitcoin inamandla ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa ukunceda ukuphuhlisa ukusuka kwipototype ukuya kwisityalo esisebenzayo.

Ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo

Esinye isikhalazo malunga neBitcoin kukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwaye ngenxa yoko nefuthe layo kwimozulu. IBitcoin ingakhokelela phambili ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla ukufumana uninzi lwamandla ayo kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo. Enyanisweni, uphando luka-2021 lwafumanisa ukuba ukubamba nje igesi etshisiweyo eUnited States naseCanada kunganele ukunika amandla kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin yonke.

UDaniel Batten, umlawuli omkhulu wenkampani yotyalo-mali kwinkqubo yeBitcoin iCH4 Capital kunye nombhali weThe Bitcoin ESG Forecast, wabhala kwinqaku likaJanuwari 2024 ukuba ishishini lokuvukuza iBitcoin kuphela kwishishini elikhulu lehlabathi elisebenza kakhulu ngamandla ahlaziyekayo.

Ngokutsho kukaBatten, ishishini lokuvukuza iBitcoin lisebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kwaye isabelo 'semigodi ehlaziyekayo' sifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-54.5% ngo-2023

Imithombo

1. I-60+ yeBitcoin yamandla kunye neenkcukacha zemigodi
2. Indima yeBitcoin kwi-ESG imperative KPMG
3. Indlela iBitcoin enokuvula ngayo amandla olwandle kubantu abayi-1 bhiliyoni
4. IBitcoin idibana ne-ESG: Indima entsha yeBitcoin kutyalo-mali oluzinzileyo
5. UK Offshore wind 2023 round-up kunye nombono ka-2024
6. Oko iBloomberg ingakufumananga malunga nefuthe leBitcoin kwimozulu

Ababonisi babona ikamva labasebenzi abasebenza kude, iilayibrari ezisebenzisanayo kunye neeklasi zemultimedia. Bathetha ngeentlanganiso zedolophu nge-elektroniki kunye noluntu lwevirtual... Inyani kukuba akukho database ye-intanethi eya kutshintsha iphephandaba lakho lemihla ngemihla, akukho CD-ROM enokuthatha indawo kotitshala onobuchule kwaye akukho nethiwekhi yekhompyutha eya kutshintsha indlela urhulumente osebenza ngayo.
Clifford Stroll

Emva kweminyaka eli-17, iNewsweek yayeka ukupapasha iphepha kwaye yafumaneka kuphela kwi-intanethi. Khawucinge ukuba ubuphila ngo-1974 xa iTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) yadalwa okokuqala.

Akukho mntu wacinga nge-smartphone, enazo zonke ii-apps zayo, isesandleni sakho. Akukho mntu wabona inkqubo yeSatNav emotweni yakho.

I-intanethi ayizange ivele kube kanye, kodwa yakhula kancinci kancinci njengenguqulelo yeendlela zokunxibelelana kunye nemigangatho. Ezi nguqu zakhula phezu kwe-TCP, kodwa zange zitshintshe kakhulu i-TCP.

Ngoko xa ndijonga ukutshintsha ukuya kumaqonga onxibelelwano ekamva, ndiyabona ukuba ubuhle bemigangatho ye-Intanethi kukuba ufumana ukwahlulwa phakathi kwenqanaba lenkonzo kunye netekhnoloji.
Michael K Powell

Thelekisa indlela iBitcoin ikhule ngayo nendlela i-intanethi ekhule ngayo

I-TCP ibalulekile kodwa ayanelanga ukuze kuvele yonke enye into kwi-intanethi. Ukukhula kweBitcoin kubonakala kuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zibonakala zomelele kwaye ziphumelela ngakumbi xa zakhiwe ngezigaba, nangona kunokuthatha ixesha elide phakathi kokubekwa kweziseko zokuqala kunye nokwamkelwa ngokubanzi. Izisombululo ezidibanisa yonke into zibonakala zingasebenzi kakuhle kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo njengalezo zakhiwe ngezigaba phezu kwemigangatho. Njengoko kungazange kufuneke kwakhiwe kwakhona i-intanethi kuba iifilimu bezingakwazi ukuhanjiswa nge-TCP, kungenzeka kube njalo neBitcoin.

Sele zikhona iindlela ezininzi ze-layer 2 eziphezu kweBitcoin, kwaye zininzi ii-apps eziphezu kwezi layer 2 (jonga icandelo 201.4 ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngazo).

Endaweni yokugxila kwinto iBitcoin kunye nenethiwekhi yeBitcoin engakwaziyo ukuyenza namhlanje, cinga ngento esele inokwenzeka ngoku, uze uyithelekise nento eyayikwenzeka kwiminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo. Yenza lo msebenzi nge-intanethi ukusuka ngo-1985 ukuya ku-1995, uze ujonge indlela i-intanethi ekhawuleze ngayo kwiminyaka engama-30 elandelayo kunye nee-apps ezazingenzeka. Sebenzisa olo lwazi ukuqikelela ikamva leBitcoin uze ucinge ukuba ingaba injani kwiminyaka eli-10 ezayo, okanye engama-30 ukuba unokucinga kude kangako.

Thelekisa iBitcoin nenkqubo yemali yehlabathi esele ikhona

Ibango eliphambili lokuba iBitcoin icotha kakhulu ukuba ibe yimali yehlabathi linokuba liyinyani ukuba siza kuhlala kwinqanaba elisisiseko leBitcoin. Kuyinyani kwakhona ukuba inqanaba elisiseko leenkqubo zemali esinazo ngoku licotha kakhulu ukuba ibe yimali yehlabathi, ukuba kwakungekho zixhobo zokuhlawula ezakhiwe phezu kwalo ngamaBhanki abucala kunye neenkonzo zokuhlawula ezifana neVisa neMastercard. Inkqubo esinayo ngoku yakhiwe ngezigaba, ngoko sinokulindela ukuba ikamva libe njalo. Eminye imigaqo yoyilo efana nokuthembana, isantya kunye neendleko inokuba iyatshintshana phakathi kweenkqubo ezinikezela izisombululo ezifanayo nangona zakhiwe ukuhambisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zexabiso.

Ezinye ze-layer 2 esele zikhona kwiBitcoin zijolise ngqo kwisantya, umzekelo iLiquid kunye neLightning Network (Jonga icandelo 201.4 ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi). I-Liquid ikhawuleza kwaye ixabisa kancinci kune-blockchain yeBitcoin, kwaye i-Lightning Network ikhawuleza kwaye ixabisa kancinci kune-Liquid. Ukunyuka kwe-layer 2 ezahlukeneyo, nganye inezinto ezahlukeneyo ezixabiswayo, kulindelekile kwaye kuyanceda.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuya kubakho ii-layer 2 ne-3 ezininzi kunye nokuqhuma kwee-apps ezisebenzisa ezi, njengoko kwenzeka ekukhuleni kwe-intanethi.

Injongo

Xa le ngxelo igxekwa, kufanelekile ukucinga ukuba ingaba lowo ugxekayo uneminye iminqweno. Umzekelo, ingaba baneprojekthi entsha okanye eyahlukileyo ye-blockchain? Oku kunokufana nokuzama ukuthengisa iTransmission Control Protocol engcono.

I-Scalability, okanye iBlockchain Trilemma, yaphakanyiswa okokuqala nguVitalik Buterin ngo-2017. Ithi kusoloko kukho ukutshintshiselana kuyilo lwe-blockchain phakathi kweempawu zeDecentralisation, Security kunye neScalability. Nabani na ogxeka ukuba iBitcoin icotha kakhulu kwaye banezisombululo ezikhawulezayo kwi-layer 1 blockchain baya kuba benikela ngezinye zeempawu zokhuseleko okanye ukungabikho komphathi ukuze bakufumane oko. Nangona olo tshintsho lungenza ingqiqo kwi-blockchain eyenzelwe ezinye iinjongo, uluhlu lwezinto ezibalulekileyo kwimali yehlabathi kufuneka lube:

Ezimbini zokuqala zeempawu zenza imeko yokukhupha imali ngaphandle kwabenzi, ukuhlawula ngaphandle kwabalamli kunye nokugcina ngaphandle kwabaphathi.

I-Bitcoin yenza ukutshintshiselana okufanelekileyo kwezi mpawu zintathu zoyilo lwe-blockchain kuba injongo yayo ephambili kukuba yimali yehlabathi, kwaye iyalawula ukungakwazi ukukhula kunye nesantya ngokusebenzisa izigaba.

USatoshi wafumanisa indlela yokukhusela ukuthembeka kwemali yedijithali ngaphandle kwamaqela athembekileyo - akukho benzi, abalamli okanye abaphathi bafunekayo.
Resistance Money, 2024, Bailey, Retter, Warmke

Ukwenziwa kwamahlathi awaka kusemqukweni omnye.
Ralph Waldo Emerson

Abagxeki bahlala bezama ukuthetha ukuba iBitcoin 'indala' okanye 'ifile' njengobuchwepheshe kuba ingatshintshi umgaqo-siseko wayo rhoqo njengeminye imixokelelwane yeebhloko ekhuphisana nayo. Le ngxelo ayijongi zizathu zokuba kutheni utshintsho kwiBitcoin luthathwa kancinci kwaye ingakanani inguqulelo entsha eyenzekayo ukwandisa inethiwekhi kumaleko aphezulu, afana neLightning Network. Kwakhona ayijongi ukuba uninzi lobuchwepheshe bethu obuguquguqukayo nobuhlala ixesha elide abukhuli ngokukhawuleza kumaleko osisiseko.

Umzekelo, akukho guqulelo luntsha lwenziwa kwiTransmission Control Protocol (TCP), esisiseko se-intanethi. I-TCP yaqalwa ngo-1974. Okokugqibela i-TCP yahlaziywa ngo-1982. Isebenza ngendlela efunekayo. Ayigqibelelanga, kwaye kukho iingxoxo malunga nokuba kufuneka siphucule i-IPv4 ukuze ixhase uphuhliso lwe-intanethi lwexesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthetha ukuba akukho guqulelo luntsha kwi-intanethi ukusukela ngo-1982 kuya kuba sisimangalo esikhulu. Yonke le nguqulelo intsha yenziwe 'ngaphezulu' kwe-TCP, hayi 'ngaphakathi' kuyo.

Uninzi olukhulu lwenguqulelo entsha eyenzekayo ayikho 'ngaphakathi' kwiBitcoin kodwa 'ngaphezulu' kweBitcoin. Ngexesha elizayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungabikho guqulelo luntsha 'ngaphakathi' kwiBitcoin, kwaye oko kufuneka kube yinjongo hayi ukugxekwa, kuba kuya kuba bubungqina bokuba ibaluleke kangakanani ekuxhaseni uqoqosho lwehlabathi ngokubonelela ngesiseko semali yehlabathi, engathathi cala kwaye engafuni mvume. Imali ethembekileyo kokubini kwinqanaba loqoqosho kuba inenani eliqinisekisiweyo kunye nerekhodi elingaguqukiyo, kodwa kwakhona ithembekile kwinqanaba lobuchwepheshe kuba ayitshintshi kwaye esebenzayo sele ineminyaka ingaphazamiseki. IBitcoin sele ifumene i-100% yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwiminyaka eli-10 idlulileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kungaba lixhala ukuba akukho guqulelo luntsha eyenzekayo 'ngaphezulu' kweBitcoin. Masijonge oko kwiminyaka eli-10 idlulileyo:

'Ngaphakathi' kwiBitcoin

I-Segregated Witness (SegWit) yafakwa ngo-2017 ukukhusela ekuguqukeni kweentengiselwano kunye nokwandisa umthamo webhloko. I-SegWit yayiyinyathelo elibalulekileyo ukuze i-lightning kunye nezinye i-side chains zisebenze kakuhle.

I-Taproot yafakwa ngo-2021 ukuvumela ukudityaniswa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kotyikityo oluninzi ngokusebenzisa utyikityo lwe-Schnorr, ukwazisa ulwimi lokubhala iinkqubo ukuze kuvumeleke imisebenzi enzima ngakumbi kunye nokwandisa ubumfihlo kunye nokuchasana nokucinezelwa kweetheko.

'Ngaphezulu' kweBitcoin

I-Liquid Sidechain

I-Liquid sidechain yafakwa ngo-2018. I-Liquid, njengeminye i-sidechains, yirekhodi le-blockchain elahlukileyo elinxulunyaniswa ne-blockchain ephambili yeBitcoin, ngokwemigaqo echaziweyo. Le migaqo iguquguquka ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela i-Liquid chain ukuba iphuhlise kwaye idibanise uyilo kunye nokwandiswa kokusebenza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano ne-blockchain yeBitcoin luqinisekisa ukuba inani elipheleleyo leebhitcoin ezili-21 million lihlala lifana kuzo zombini iichain.

I-asethi kwi-Liquid, i-L-BTC, ixhonywe kabini kwi-bitcoin kwi-chain ephambili. Kukho iindleko, isantya, ubumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko eziguquguqukayo ezenza i-L-BTC ilungele ezinye izicelo. Iindleko, isantya kunye nobumfihlo konke kuphuculwe nge-L-BTC, kodwa kufuneka kubekho ukuthembela kwiimibutho ezilawula i-Liquid Federation, ezilawula inkqubo ye-multisig ye-11 kwi-15 yokungenisa nokukhupha i-L-BTC kwi-bitcoin nangokuchaseneyo.

Lightning Network

I-Lightning network yafakwa ngo-2018. I-Lightning yenzelwe ukuba yinkqubo yokuhlawula phakathi kwabantu ngendlela yomzobo wamanodi adityaniswe ngamajelo; ayisiyo blockchain. IBitcoin itshixiwe ngumsebenzisi kwi-blockchain ephambili ukuze yenziwe ifumaneke kwi-Lightning Network, oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kusetyenziswa kuphela i-bitcoin 'yokwenene'. Amanodi anokuvula amajelo okungena kwemali ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezikrelekrele ze-multisig phakathi kwawo. Iintlawulo zifumana iindlela zokuhamba kwinethiwekhi ukusuka emthonjeni ukuya kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, zigxile kwiindleko ngokwemfuneko yokuba imali eyaneleyo ikhona kwicala elifanelekileyo phakathi kwenqanaba ngalinye lendlela. I-Lightning Network iphucula kakhulu iindleko, isantya kunye nobumfihlo ngokutshintshiselana nokulahlekelwa kukhuseleko (okanye ukunyuka kokuthembela okufunekayo) kunye nokunyuka kobunzima. Nangona kunjalo, yenzelwe iintlawulo eziphezulu, ezixabisa kancinci zemihla ngemihla, ngoko oku kuthathwa njengotshintsho olufanelekileyo kakhulu kwiintengiselwano zayo ezizigidi ngemini (umthombo: River, 2023).

Chaumian eCash Mints

IiFedimints zinokuthathwa njengoluntu olulinganiselweyo lwe-lightning network. Zenzelwe ukusebenzisa ukuthembana okukhoyo ngaphakathi kuluntu oluthile (umz. iintsapho, iilali, amaqela abahlobo) ngokutshintshiselana nokwenza lula ubunzima kunye nokuphucula ubumfihlo kubasebenzisi. Ziyimigaqo evulekileyo, enokuguqulwa yokugcina kunye nokuthumela i-bitcoin kwimeko yoluntu. Ziyahambelana ne-Lightning Network ngokwayo.

Cashu yityala elinokugcinwa kwisixhobo esifana nefowuni ephathekayo; uyilo lwayo lujolise ekuphindaphindeni iingenelo zemali ebonakalayo kodwa ngendlela yedijithali. I-Cashu ngumzekelo we-Chaumian eCash eyakhiwe kwiBitcoin kwaye iphucula ubumfihlo kunye nokuchasana nokucinezelwa kwaye yenza kube lula ngokuthembela kwi-mint ye-eCash esetyenziswa. IiCashu mints zikhupha i-eCash tokens, emele i-bitcoin, enokuchithwa ngabasebenzisi ngaphandle kokutyhila isazisi sabo. I-Cashu iyahambelana ne-Lightning Network.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuya kubakho izicelo ezininzi eziza kwakhiwa kumaleko wesibini kwixesha elizayo, kunye nezicelo ezininzi kumaleko wesithathu ezakhe phezu kwazo.

Umzekelo wenani elimangalisayo lezicelo ezakhiwa phezu kweLightning, nantsi isiqwengana esivela kwiNgxelo yoPhando yeLightning Network evela kwaRiver.

“I-Cryptocurrency ingase ingasebenzi, apho abatyalomali balahlekelwa yimali eninzi, okanye inokuba iyafezekisa iinjongo zayo mhlawumbi kwaye ithathe indawo ye-US dollar okanye iphaze i-US dollar ekubeni phantse ibe yodwa njengemali egcinwe kwihlabathi lonke”
Brad Sherman

2.5.0 Intshayelelo

Kuzo zonke izizathu ezichasene nokwamkelwa kweBitcoin, mhlawumbi eyona ixhaphakileyo umfundisi anokuyiva kukuba urhulumente angalawula okanye avale ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kweBitcoin.

Ayisosiphakamiso esingaqhelekanga. Nokuba sele ufunde ngeBitcoin ixesha elithile kwaye uqinisekile ngamandla ayo okuphucula uqoqosho noluntu, kusenokubonakala ngathi kuyamangalisa ukuba oorhulumente nabalawuli bangahlala nje bengathathi manyathelo kwaye bavumele inkqubo yemali entsha, engaphantsi kolawulo lwezepolitiki, ifumane indawo kuqoqosho ngaphandle kokuyinqanda ngandlela thile. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa loo mali intsha ithathwa njengosongelo kwimali karhulumente ekhoyo okanye kwinkqubo yeebhanki ngokubanzi.

Ulawulo lwemali, ngeendlela ezininzi, lulona lwona lwamandla ezopolitiko. Lulona ndlela ibalulekileyo ilizwe elinayo yokulawula uqoqosho lwalo lwangaphakathi kunye nendlela abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bangaphandle abathengiselana ngayo nalo. Olu lawulo lunika urhulumente amandla okujonga ukuhamba kwemali ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yeebhanki zemveli kwaye luvumela ukufakwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukuhamba kwemali, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemida yelizwe. 

Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ulawulo lwemali luvumela oorhulumente ukuba benze imali entsha ukuze bajongane nemingxuma kwibhajethi. Olu lawulo luvumela oorhulumente ukuba bandise inkcitho yabo ngaphezu kwamanqanaba anokufumaneka ngentlawulo yerhafu okanye mboleko yemarike. Le yeyona nto iphambili eyabangela ukuba iMigangatho yeGolide ishiywe. 

Nangona kunjalo, olu lwandiso lwemali entsha yokuchitha kukarhulumente, ngaphandle komthetho wokunyanzelisa ukuba imali karhulumente ixhaswe yinto eqinileyo efana negolide, lwenza ukuba ixabiso lemali lehle. 

Ayisosopolitiki abathile kuphela abanexhala ngeBitcoin. Nabanye abebhanki abayithandi.

I-Bitcoin ngokwayo yinkohliso egqunyiweyo. Yilitye lokudlala nje.
Jamie Dimon

Ukuba siyeka umxholo wokuba i-CEO yebhanki enkulu yase-US ngokwe-asethi (eye yahlawula phantse i-$39 billion kwizohlwayo zokwaphula imigaqo) ityhola inethiwekhi yeBitcoin ngokuba yinkohliso, kuyacaca ukuba uJamie Dimon unexhala. Mhlawumbi uyabona ukuba imali enye engaphandle kwenkqubo ekhoyo ingasongela ishishini lakhe elikhethekileyo leebhanki zemveli kunye nendima yalo ephambili ekukhutshweni kwemali entsha karhulumente.

2.5.1 Ngaba oorhulumente banokuyimisa imali enye?

Andikholelwa ukuba siza kuba nemali elungileyo kwakhona de siyikhuphe ezandleni zorhulumente, oko kukuthi, asikwazi ukuyikhupha ngodlame ezandleni zorhulumente, konke esinokukwenza kukuyazisa ngendlela efihlakeleyo into abangayi kukwazi ukuyimisa.
Friedrich A. Hayek

Le yayiyingcamango yeengcali zoqoqosho eziphumelele iNobel Prize, uFriedrich Hayek, kwiminyaka yoo-1980, kudala phambi kokuba kubekho iBitcoin. UHayek waqonda ukuba ulawulo lwezepolitiki kwinkqubo yemali lwalunzulu kangangokuba into entsha ekufuneka yenza umahluko kufuneka ibe namandla kangangokuba ukuyihlasela akusayi kuba nantsingiselo.

Ngoko ke, ngaba iBitcoin leyo ngcamango yemali efikileyo ixesha layo?

I-Bitcoin yinto enamandla kakhulu kuba yinkqubo evulekileyo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ongathathi cala, ongenamida, ongafuni mvume kwaye usasazekile. Entliziyweni yayo, iBitcoin yimathematika kunye nesoftware evulekileyo. Ngoko ke, ayinakukhohliswa okanye ilawulwe, kwaye ayiniki mntu mnye ithuba elingaphezulu komnye. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, iBitcoin, njengemathematika nesoftware, ayinagunya embindini onokunyanzeliswa, anyanzelwe okanye ayekiswe.
Darren Freemantle

2.5.2 IBitcoin ime njani kubalawuli ngoku?

Ngexesha lokubhala oku, iBitcoin ifumene uhlobo lokwamkelwa komthetho kwiimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi, e-US nase-European Union (EU). Oku kwenzeke nangona abanye abezopolitiko abaziwayo bethetha amagama achasene neBitcoin, rhoqo besekelwe kwidatha endala nengachanekanga. 

Ngokunceda, iBitcoin inabaxhasi abaninzi phakathi kwabantu bezopolitiko, njengosenator Cynthia Lumis eUnited States. Oku kubalulekile ukulinganisa amagama angalunganga.

Izizathu ezichasene nesoftware yokuzigcina wena [yeBitcoin] zisongela amalungelo obunini obusisiseko obuyinxalenye yokuba ngumMelika. Ndiza kulwela amalungelo akho okugcina izitshixo zakho nokusebenzisa inod yakho.
Cynthia Lumis

NgoJanuwari 2024, iBitcoin ifumene impumelelo ebalulekileyo kumthetho. I-Securities and Exchange Commission e-US inike igunya kwi-Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) ukuba zigcine iBitcoin kwaye zithengise kubatyali-mali abaqhelekileyo. Ii-ETF zibe yimpumelelo enkulu, zitsala amashumi ezigidi ze-euro ngexesha lokubhala kwaye zisa abatyali-mali abatsha kwiBitcoin. 

I-EU iye yathatha inyathelo elingaphezulu kwaye yaphuhlisa uMthetho weMarike kwi-Crypto Assets (MiCA) ozama ukubonelela ngohlaka kunye nokuqonda okucacileyo komthetho kushishino nakubatyali-mali.

Ngoko ke, akukho mphawu wokuba kuya kubakho ukuvalwa e-US okanye e-EU okwangoku.

2.5.3 Ukuba iBitcoin iba namandla ngakumbi, ngaba kuya kubakho iminxeba emitsha yokuyinqanda?

Phantse ngokuqinisekileyo. Njengoko iBitcoin yamkelwa ngakumbi kwiimarike zemveli, sinokubona itsala imali eninzi isuka kwezinye iintlobo ze-asethi ezifana nezabelo, amatyala, izindlu nemali yemveli. 

Ukuba oko kwenzeka, kunokoyikisa abezopolitiko nabalawuli. Kodwa bangathini?

Ngaba ilizwe linokuphumelela ukuhlasela inethiwekhi yeBitcoin?

Ukuhlasela ngempumelelo inethiwekhi yeBitcoin kuya kufuna umhlaseli ukuba afumane ulawulo lwamandla okumba (mining power) angaphezulu kwesiqingatha senethiwekhi (okubizwa ngokuba yi-51% attack) kwaye agcine olo lawulo. Ukuba uphumelele, umhlaseli angongeza iirekhodi zobuxoki (iibhloko) kwi-ledger yeBitcoin. Oku kungabangela ukuba ixabiso lenethiwekhi liwe kuba kuya kubonakala ukuba inethiwekhi ayisasebenzi kakuhle.

I-Bitcoin yeyona nethiwekhi yekhompyutha inkulu ehlabathini ngokwamandla okusebenza kwaye la mandla akhule minyaka le ukusukela oko yasekwa. Ngoko ke, ukufumana 'ulawulo lwe-51%' kwinethiwekhi kunokubiza amashumi ezigidi ze-euro kwizixhobo nakwiindleko zamandla kwaye ezo ndleko ziya zanda njengoko inethiwekhi ikhula. Oku kungakhathaliseki imingeni yokufumana izixhobo zokumba ezifunekayo ukuze kuqhutyekwe uhlaselo olunokuphazamisa inethiwekhi. Kungathatha iminyaka emininzi yemveliso yezixhobo ukuba phantse zonke zithengwe ngumhlaseli kwimarike yokhuphiswano evulekileyo. Kwaye, ngeli xesha, inethiwekhi ekhoyo ingaqaphela ukuba kukho umntu onenjongo embi owenza amalungiselelo kwaye ithathe amanyathelo okuzikhusela, njengokutshintsha i-algorithm yeProof-of-Work ukuze izixhobo zomhlaseli zingasasebenzi. 

Enye ingxaki umhlaseli anayo kukugcina olo lawulo xa sele efumene. Isofthiwe yeBitcoin ivulekile kwaye isasazwe kumawaka eenod kwihlabathi lonke ezinomsebenzi wokujonga inethiwekhi. 

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba xa sele kubonakala ukuba inethiwekhi ihlaselwe, abaphuhlisi beBitcoin baya 'kuphula' isofthiwe yeBitcoin, ukuze i-ledger 'iphulwe' ukusuka kwindawo apho iirekhodi zobuxoki zenziwe ngumhlaseli. Uninzi lweenod luya kusebenzisa uguqulelo olutsha lwesoftware kwaye imizamo yomhlaseli iya kungahoywa.

Andreas Antonopoulos - 51% Bitcoin Attack

Inkcazo enoburharha kancinci evela kuAndreas Antonopoulos malunga nokwenzeka kokuhlaselwa kwe-51% exhaswa ngurhulumente.

Ngaba ukugcina iBitcoin ngokwakho kunye nokuthengiselana phakathi kwabantu kunokunqatshelwa?

Le ndlela yokuhlasela iBitcoin inokwenzeka ngakumbi kwinqanaba lelizwe ngalinye. Amanye amazwe asele enze imithetho yokuba iBitcoin ingagcinwa ngokwakho okanye ingathengiselwana ngayo, iChina neNigeria zingamzekelo amabini. Nangona iNigeria ithobe umthetho wayo kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kweBitcoin phakathi kwabantu akuzange kuchaphazeleke kakhulu kwaye kuqhubekile. Kufanele silindele amanye amazwe ukuba enze imithetho efanayo, ngakumbi apho urhulumente engqongqo okanye imali yendawo ibuthathaka kakhulu. 

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuvala ukugcina iBitcoin ngokwakho?

Ukugcina iBitcoin ngokwakho nokuthengiselana ngayo, i-wallet yendawo kufuneka ibe nolwazi lwesibini sezitshixo (public/private key pair). Ezi zizicatshulwa eziguqulelwa kwinani elisetyenziswa ukugquma ukuthengiselana.

Ngoko ke, ukuvalwa kokugcina iBitcoin ngokwakho kufana nokuthintela umntu ukuba angabi nolwazi lwenani kwaye angadluliseli olo lwazi komnye umntu.

Akukho lwimi olukhululekileyo lwalukhe lazama into enjalo ngaphambili.

Ngaba amanye amazwe aza kuzama ukuyinqanda nangona kunjalo?

Ewe, kwaye kufuneka silindele ukuba bazame. Amanye amazwe aza kuzama ukufaka umthetho wokuyinqanda, nokuba awusebenzi kakuhle. Okumangalisayo, amanye amazwe aza kwenza ngokuchaseneyo kwaye amkele iBitcoin, njenge-El Salvador, okanye ubuncinane alinde abone ukuba angazuza na uqoqosho ngokuvumela iBitcoin ikhule ngaphakathi kwemida yawo.

Umzekelo onomdla kukujonga okwenzeka emva kokuba iChina ivale iBitcoin mining kweli lizwe ngo-2021 (jonga itshathi engezantsi). Emva kokwehla okukhulu kwangoko kwi-hash rate iyonke yenethiwekhi (amandla okumba) njengoko abavukuzi bebaleka eChina, i-hash rate iyonke yaphinda yanda kakhulu kwiinyanga ezilandelayo njengoko umsebenzi wokumba wafudukela kwezinye iindawo, ezifana ne-US.

Ngenxa yokuba amanye amazwe anokuzuza ngokuvumela iBitcoin ikhule, akunakwenzeka ukuba kubekho ukuvalwa okuvumelaniswe ngamazwe onke kweBitcoin. 

Kufanele silindele nemithetho embi nezingasebenziyo malunga neBitcoin ukuba yenziwe kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ipheliswe kamva, ngakumbi xa kubonakala ukuba uqoqosho lwasekhaya luphantsi kakhulu ngenxa yomthetho onzima ogcinwayo.  

Umthetho we-Red Flag wase-United Kingdom wexesha leminyaka yoo-1800 ngumzekelo wembali womthetho ogqithiseleyo owathi waphinda warhoxiswa.

Ngaba oorhulumente baza kuvala iindlela zokuphuma kwinkqubo ye-fiat ekhoyo ngoku?

Amanye amazwe sele eqala ukunciphisa iindlela zokuphuma kwinkqubo yemali ekhoyo ukuya kwiBitcoin. Kumazwe athile, njenge-UK, amanye amabhanki emveli (ngokwesikhokelo solawulo) anciphisa imali ye-fiat enokudluliselwa kwiindawo zokutshintshiselana nge-cryptocurrency.

Sinokubona imizamo eyandayo yokunyanzelisa abatyalizimali beBitcoin ukuba basebenzise iimveliso ezilawulwayo, ezifana ne-ETF evunyiweyo e-US. Njengoko ezi mveliso zikhula ngexabiso, ziya kuba 'yindawo yetywala' enomtsalane kurhulumente ukuba bayithathe ukuze baxhase inkcitho engaphezulu kwemali engenayo. Oku kungathatha imilo 'yerhafu yobutyebi' yokuthatha inzuzo engazange ifumaneke. Okubi nangakumbi, oorhulumente banokuzama ukuthatha lonke ubutyebi be-ETF ukuba kuthathwa njengento 'ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni imarike'. Abatyalizimali banokuthi 'bahlawulwe' ngemali engcono ngaphantsi, efana ne-Treasury Bills.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nase-US, apho amalungelo obunini aqinisekiswe kumgaqo-siseko, ilizwe sele lathatha imali enzima kubemi balo ngaphambili. I-Executive Order 6102, etyikitywe nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngomhla we-5 ku-Epreli 1933, yanika abemi ixesha elingaphantsi kwenyanga ukuba 'banikele yonke imali yegolide, igolide ebunjiweyo kunye nezatifikethi zegolide kwiBhanki yeFederal Reserve'.

Kakade ke, igolide yimpahla ebonakalayo, ngoko ukuzama ukuphuma elizweni uphethe igolide yakho ukuze ukhusele ubutyebi bakho kwakunzima kakhulu ngo-1933. Kwakhona, uninzi lwegolide lwalusele lugcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina zebhanki, ngoko urhulumente wayesazi kakuhle apho ikhona.

Esi siganeko sibuhlungu kufuneka sibe sisikhumbuzo sokuba ukugcina iBitcoin kwi-self-custody yeyona ndlela ingcono yokuyikhusela ekuthathweni. Kuba iBitcoin ayisiyo nto ibonakalayo, kunzima kakhulu ukuyithatha. Ukuba ugcina iBitcoin kwi-wallet yasekhaya, ugcina nje izibini ze-public/private key. Oko kukuthi, amanani. Ezi zitshixo zinokuphinda zenziwe kusetyenziswa 'seed phrases' ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Umnini weBitcoin angatshabalalisa zonke ii-wallets zakhe ezinezitshixo zabucala aze enze ii-wallets ezintsha kwilizwe elinobuhlobo neBitcoin esebenzisa nje amagama ali-12 awakhumbulayo.

2.5.4 Lindela imigaqo engqongqo ngakumbi

Ukugqiba, kufuneka silindele ukuba amanye amazwe aza kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweBitcoin ngaphakathi kwemida yawo, okanye azame ukuyivala ngokupheleleyo.

Njengoko amatyala karhulumente enyuka kwaye imali ye-fiat iqhubeka nokuphulukana namandla, izibonelelo zeBitcoin njenge 'ndlela yokuphuma kwinkqubo' ziya kubonakala zinomtsalane ngakumbi kubemi nakwiinkampani. Oku kwandisa amathuba okuba oorhulumente baphendule ngokuzikhusela. Ulawulo lwemali alutsha kwaye kukho imizekelo emininzi apho le ndlela isetyenziswe kumazwe apho amatyala karhulumente agqithile kufuneka anyuswe.

Ipolitiki kunye nabalandeli babo kumajelo eendaba banokugxeka iBitcoin njengemvelaphi yengxaki yemali. Nangona oku kufana nokugxeka inqanawa yokusindisa ngokuba yimbangela yokuntywiliselwa kwenqanawa, oorhulumente baza kuba ngxamiseke ngakumbi ukuthintela abemi ukuba baphume kwinkqubo nebutyebi babo, bebavalela phantsi ukuze baye phantsi nenqanawa.

Kakade ke, ukugxeka iBitcoin ngokubangela ingxaki yemali ye-fiat kuya kuba yinto engenangqondo. Emva koko, iBitcoin yimathematika enokuboniswa kunye nesoftware evulekileyo. Ukuba oko kuphela okufunekayo 'ukuwisa inkqubo', kungabonisa ukuba inkqubo yayibuthathaka kakhulu kwasekuqaleni.

Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuqaphela ukuba iBitcoin iba namandla ngakumbi xa ihlaselwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba olu hlaselo lusebenza ukukhupha iintsomi ezisasazwa ngabagxeki bokuba iBitcoin ibuthathaka kwaye isengozini. Ngoko ke, asimele silindele kuphela ukuba oorhulumente bagqithise kwimigaqo yeBitcoin, kufuneka sikwamkele oko.

Amanqaku

1. I-DailyHodl.com yaxela ngomhla we-8 kaJulayi 2023, ukuba iJPMorgan Chase ihlawule i-$38,995,000,000 kwiintlawulo zokwaphula imithetho yeebhanki, ezokhuseleko kunye nezinye izityholo njengoko isenzo solawulo lwe-SEC sitsha siqala ukusebenza.https://dailyhodl.com/2023/07/08/jpmorgan-chase-has-paid-38995000000-in-fines-for-banking-securities-and-additional-violations-after-sec-enforcement-action/
2. Ngo-2015, umfundisi weBitcoin uAndreas Antonopoulos uphendula umbuzo wokuba ngaba ilizwe elikhulu linamandla okuhlasela inethiwekhi yeBitcoin kwaye ukuba olo hlaselo lungaphazamisa i-blockchain yeBitcoin.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncPyMUfNyVM

Ukuba nje itokheni ekwi-blockchain ibizwa ngokuba 'yi-coin' akuthethi ukuba injongo yayo yimali okanye ukuba inazo iimpawu eziyimfuneko zokuba yimali.

Ukunqongophala vs Ukunqongophala Okuthembekileyo

Kuzo zonke iimpawu ezisisiseko zemali, eyona ibalulekileyo kukunqongophala, ngoko siza kungena nzulu kule mpawu.

Iinkozo ezininzi zithi zinqongophele, okanye zinecebo elisigxina lokukhupha. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka sizibuze ukuba ezi zibango zithembekile na.

Uthembeko luvela kwiziphumo. Yonke enye into yintengiso nje.
Richie Norton

Uthembeko alunakubangwa, kufuneka lufunyanwe. Uninzi lwee-coin alunalo ukunqongophala okuthembekileyo. Ukuhamba kwexesha kunye nokungaguquguquki kwexesha zizinto ezifunekayo ukuze naliphi na icebo lokukhupha lifumane uthembeko. Iindlela ezintathu ezibangela ukuba ukunqongophala okubangwa kungathembeki:

• Ixesha elincinci lidlulile ukuze kufunyanwe uthembeko; i-coin intsha kakhulu
• Ishedyuli yokukhupha sele itshintshe amaxesha amaninzi
• Kukho iqela elichongiweyo labantu abanamandla okutshintsha izinto

Ukuba uthembeko kufuneka lufunyanwe, ukudala i-coin entsha uze uthi inqongophele akwanelanga ukuyenza injalo. Kufuneka kudlule ixesha, apho kufuneka kubonakale ukungaguquguquki, ngaloo ndlela kufunyanwe uthembeko.

Ubungqina botshintsho lwembali kwishedyuli yokukhupha bubonisa ubungqina obusebenzayo obuphikisana nothembeko. Umzekelo, phakathi kuka-2015 no-2021 imithetho yokukhupha i-Ethereum yatshintshwa amaxesha amahlanu (umthombo: Galaxy Digital Research), kwaye kwakhona kabini phakathi kuka-2022 no-2024.

Uluntu lwe-Ethereum oluguquguqukayo noluphambili, olukhokelelwa yi-Ethereum Foundation, sele lwenze i-hard fork ezininzi ezitshintshileyo umgaqo-nkqubo wemali kwaye luseza kwenza njalo kwakhona.
Fidelity Digital Assets

Nokuba akukho mbhalo wembali wotshintsho kwishedyuli yokukhupha, ukuba i-coin ilawulwa yinkampani, isiseko, okanye iqela elinokusebenzisa intando yalo, i-coin nayo ayinako ukunqongophala okuthembekileyo.

Nangona kukho indlela yokutshintsha ukunqongophala kweBitcoin, ayilawulwa liqela elichongiweyo okanye elinokujoliswa; iBitcoin isasazeke ngakumbi kunazo zonke ezinye i-coin kwaye uthembeko lokunqongophala luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nenqanaba lokusasazeka.

Kungabakho ilahleko kwezoqoqosho kubasebenzisi abavumayo ukwandiswa kwenani, okanye utshintsho kwishedyuli. Akukho mbhalo wembali wotshintsho kwinani lebitcoin. Zombini imbali kunye nesizathu esiphikisayo zenza ukuba amathuba otshintsho abe sezantsi kakhulu.

Uthembeko lokunqongophala kufuneka lube sisigqibo esisekelwe kumathuba kuba lujolise kwikamva elingaqinisekanga. Ngoko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba nantoni na ibe nokunqongophala okuthembekileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko, singatsho ukuba iBitcoin inokunqongophala okuthembekileyo kakhulu kunazo zonke izisombululo zemali ezafunyanwa okanye ezadalwayo, kwaye akukho nto inokufikelela ku-100% wothembo kwikamva elingaqinisekanga.

Ibitcoin entsha?

Ngaba ukuvela kwe-coin entsha, ecingelwayo enokubonisa iimpawu ezifunekayo zemali, ngakumbi ukunqongophala, kungayifumanela uthembeko kwishedyuli yayo yokukhupha kwaye ngaloo ndlela iphikise amabango okunqongophala kwebitcoin?

Imali ithanda ukuba nye. Kuyinyaniso, kwaye ndiza kuyibonisa usebenzisa ingqiqo.
ArmanTheParman

Ukuba imali ithanda ukuba nye, naziphi na i-coin ezintsha ezicingelwayo zingayitshintsha iBitcoin okanye zingayitshintshi, azinakuphikisa ukunqongophala kwebitcoin.

I-network effect yimpawu yenkampani okanye enye inkqubo apho xa abantu abaninzi besebenzisa inethiwekhi, inethiwekhi iba nexabiso elikhulu ngakumbi kumsebenzisi ngamnye. Le yenye yezona zikhuselo zomeleleyo kwezoqoqosho inkqubo enokuthi ibe nazo xa ithelekiswa nabakhuphisana nayo.
Lyn Alden

Njengoko iBitcoin ibonisa zonke iimpawu ezisisiseko zemali, kwaye iBitcoin ifumene i-network effect enkulu, nawuphi na umphikisi omtsha kufuneka azalisekise iimpawu zemali ngendlela egqithiseleyo ukuze akwazi ukutshintsha iBitcoin. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka ayenze le nto eqala ngexesha elilahlekileyo elingaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi efumana uthembeko kwishedyuli yayo yokukhupha.

Unikezelo Olusisigxina

I-coin enenani elisigxina, njengebitcoin, ibonisa ukunqongophala okupheleleyo. Nangona le yimpawu eluncedo kakhulu kwimali esisiseko, inokuba ayiluncedo kwezinye iinjongo ezingemali. Umzekelo, iitokheni ezisetyenziswa ukuthenga iikhompyutha zinokusebenza ngcono ukuba inani lazo linokutshintsha ngokwemfuno kwezinye iimeko.

Isiphelo

Phantse zonke ezinye i-coin azinako ukunqongophala okuthembekileyo kwaye ngenxa yoko azinakukhuphisana ngokufanelekileyo neBitcoin njengemali. Ukubanga ukuba ubukho bazo ezinye i-coin ngandlel’ ithile buthintela ukunqongophala kwebitcoin yimpazamo yokuhlela; kufana nokubala iapile njengepere. Unikezelo olusisigxina luyimpawu eluncedo kakhulu kwimali esisiseko, kodwa lunokungabi lufanelekile kwezinye iinjongo.

Ubunzima be-crypto buvela kumzamo wokwenza izinto zibe sezandleni zabantu abaninzi—ngokuhambisa amandla nolawulo kwinkqubo, ngokwe-theory akukho mfuneko yokuba kubekho abalamli abathembekileyo abafana neenkampani zezezimali. Le yayiyingcamango ephambili kwiphepha elimhlophe lokuqala le-Bitcoin, elalinikezela ngesisombululo se-cryptography esijolise ekubeni iintlawulo zidluliselwe ngaphandle kokubandakanya nayiphi na inkampani yezezimali okanye omnye umlamli othembekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Bitcoin yaba sezandleni zabantu abambalwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngoku ixhomekeke kwiqela elincinci labaphuhlisi be-software kunye neepuli zabavukuzi ukuze isebenze
International Monetary Fund

Njengoko icatshulwe ngasentla kwiposti yakutshanje ye-International Monetary Fund, ishishini lezezimali elikhulu liyaqhubeka nokubanga ukuba i-Bitcoin ayikho kwinqanaba elaneleyo lokuba sezandleni zabantu abaninzi, kwaye lidideka phakathi kwe-Bitcoin nezinye iimpahla ze-crypto.

Intshayelelo

Ukuba sezandleni zabantu abaninzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Bitcoin. Ukukwazi ukugcina imithetho ye-protocol efana nokunqongophala kunye nokuhanjiswa ngaphandle komphathi ophakathi kuqinisekisa ukuba ingaba yimali engenamvume kwihlabathi liphela.

Njengoko uSatoshi watsho kwincoko yakhe ye-intanethi, iinkonzo ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-BitTorrent zazikwazi 'ukuzimela' ngokuchasene nokunyanzeliswa ngurhulumente, xa kuthelekiswa neenkonzo ezineabanikazi abaziwayo kunye neeseva ezisebenzayo. Wayecacile ukuba ukhathazekile ngomngcipheko wokuba ooRhulumente okanye abanye abanomdla bangayivala okanye baphazamisa i-Bitcoin.

Kolu hlobo, sinomdla wokujonga ukuba sezandleni zabantu abaninzi kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Uphuhliso kunye nolawulo lwekhodi eqhuba i-protocol; ngubani ovumelekileyo ukutshintsha imithetho?
• Umsebenzi wokumba ovula iibhloko ezintsha ngokuhambelana nemithetho kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba akukho kuphindaphinda kwentlawulo
• Iinodi eziqinisekisa ukuba iintengiselwano zivumelekile kwaye zigcina ikopi ye-blockchain

Abaphuhlisi

I-Bitcoin yiprotocol evulelekileyo apho nabani na angayijonga, ayikhuphele, ayikopishe okanye acebise utshintsho kuyo. Ifumaneka kwilayibrari ye-GitHub, ikhowudi yomthombo yakhululwa okokuqala ngo-2009 nguSatoshi Nakamoto. Nabani na angayikhuphela ikhowudi kwaye aqhube inodi, uninzi lwazo luqhuba i-software ye-Bitcoin Core yoqobo, ethe yahlaziywa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Uphuhliso lwe-Bitcoin Core lulandela ezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zophuhliso lwe-software evulelekileyo. Nangaliphi na ixesha, kunokuba nabaphuhlisi abaninzi ababhala okanye abaphonononga utshintsho kwikhowudi. Kufuneka baphulaphule iinkxalabo zabaphathi beenodi kunye nabavukuzi, kwakunye nabasebenzisi phambi kokwenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwikhowudi, eya kuphononongwa kwaye kuvunyelwane ngayo njengoko kubonisiwe kwitshathi engentla phambi kokuba ingene kwikhowudi.

Imithetho ye-Bitcoin ibhalwe kule software ye-Bitcoin Core, eqhuba kuyo yonke inodi. Nabani na angacebisa utshintsho kwimigaqo – imigaqo yikhowudi, kodwa ayikho ngokulula khowudi, ziyimigaqo evunyelwene ngayo khowudi. Ukuba itshintshwa ngumntu omnye kuphela, ikhowudi entsha ayiseyiyo eyemvumelwano kwaye ayiseyiyo ye-Bitcoin. Ukutshintsha into kwi-Bitcoin kwaye uhlale kumvumelwano kunzima. Iinguqu ezicetywayo kwikhowudi ziwela kwenye yeendidi ezintathu:

• Ngaphakathi kwemithetho ekhoyo: Uhlaziyo oluncinci olufana neempazamo zokupela, i-UI engcono okanye ulawulo lwedatha lungawela kweli candelo kwaye kulula ukufumana imvume.
• Ukongeza umthetho omtsha owongeza imiqobo kwimigaqo – njengokunciphisa ubungakanani bebhloko. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-‘soft fork’. Iinodi ezingafuni ukufaka utshintsho kwikhowudi kwaye zihlale kukhuphelo oludala zisakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinethiwekhi.
• Ukongeza umthetho omtsha ophula imithetho yangoku, umzekelo ukwandisa ubungakanani bebhloko. Iinodi ezingahlaziyiyo kwikhowudi entsha ziya kulahla ibhloko eyenziwe ngobungakanani obukhulu njengengavumelekanga. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-‘hard fork’ kwaye kuya kwahlula ikhonkco phakathi kweenodi eziqhuba ikhowudi yoqobo kunye nekhodi entsha kwaye kudale imali entsha. Oku kwenzekile ngaphambili kodwa akuzange kukhokelele kwimpumelelo yexesha elide yemali entsha kuba uninzi lweenodi lwagqiba ekubeni luhlale kwikhowudi yoqobo.

Ngoko ke, iqela elinye okanye abantu abambalwa abanakutshintsha ikhowudi ye-Bitcoin ngaphandle kokufumana imvumelwano, okanye baye bangena emngciphekweni wokwahlula ikhonkco kunye nokudala imali entsha elandela imithetho eyahlukileyo.

Ukumba

Umsebenzi wokumba uqinisekisa iintengiselwano njengazo zonke ezinye iinodi kwinethiwekhi, kodwa emva koko uchitha amandla afunekayo ukwenza ibhloko entsha edibana nemigaqo yemvumelwano kwikhowudi. Impumelelo ivumela umvukuzi ukuba afumane imivuzo ngendlela yeefizi zentengiselwano kunye nemivuzo ye-Bitcoin (ngexesha lokubhala 3.125 iikhoyini kwibhloko nganye).

Ukumba ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngeepuli zokumba apho abantu badibanisa amandla okumba okanye i-hash rate ukuze bandise amathuba okuphumelela ukumba ibhloko kwaye babelane ngemivuzo. Kukho umngcipheko wokuba enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi puli zingadibanisa amandla ukufikelela kwi-51% yolawulo lokumba kwaye ngokusisiseko zoyise imigaqo yenethiwekhi ukuze ziphindaphinde iikhoyini. Oku kufuna izixhobo ezininzi kakhulu kwaye kubiza kakhulu, kwaye abavukuzi ngabanye banokutshintsha puli nangaliphi na ixesha. Uhlaselo olunjalo lunokubangela ukuba ixabiso le-bitcoin liwe, kuba kuya kubonakala ukuba ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi kuphazamisekile. Umhlaseli kuya kufuneka aguqule i-bitcoin ayifumeneyo ngokukhawuleza ibe yimali eqhelekileyo phambi kokuba ixabiso lehle. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukugcina uhlaselo ixesha elide, kwaye ke kwenza kube yinzuzo ngakumbi kumvukuzi okanye kumphathi wepuli ukulandela imithetho aze azame ukumba iibhloko ezisemthethweni.

Ukuhanjiswa kweendawo zomsebenzi wokumba nako kubalulekile ukunqanda ukuba oorhulumente, umzekelo, bangathatha ulawulo lokumba okanye bayivale. Umzekelo, umthetho wokuba i-China ivale ukumba kutshanje ubonise ukuba i-Bitcoin iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa neemeko kwaye isinde kulawulo olunjalo lukarhulumente, yaguquka yaza yaphinda yomelela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphulukana namandla okumba.

Iinodi

Ngokungafaniyo nokumba, okufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu ukuze ukhuphisane ngokufanelekileyo ekumbini iibhloko ezintsha, okanye uphuhliso lwekhowudi olufuna ubuchule bokubhala ikhowudi, ukuqhuba inodi yinto enokwenziwa ngumntu nabani na onomdla wokunceda ukugcina ukuba i-Bitcoin isezandleni zabantu abaninzi.

Iinodi ziqhuba i-software ye-Bitcoin Core kwaye ziqinisekisa imithetho equlathwe kwikhowudi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavukuzi abakhohlisi, umzekelo ngokuzinika umvuzo webhloko ongaphezulu kokuvumelekileyo. Zikwagcina umda wokubonelela we-21 million, obalulekile ukugcina ukunqongophala kwe-Bitcoin. Ukuze urhulumente okanye umntu onobubi ayeke i-Bitcoin, kuya kufuneka atshabalalise ikopi nganye ye-blockchain, ngoku eqhuba kumawaka eenodi ezisasazeke kwihlabathi liphela, into engenakwenzeka phantse.

Abantu

Enye into enokubangela ukuba izinto zingabi sezandleni zabantu abaninzi ngabantu. Zonke ezinye ii-‘alt-coin’ zinegama elaziwayo—umntu onokunyanzelwa ukuba axhase utshintsho olungelolulungele i-Bitcoin. USatoshi Nakamoto wahlala ixesha elaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Bitcoin isendleleni eya empumelelweni ngaphambi kokunyamalala ngokupheleleyo, eshiya abanye ukuba baphucule kwaye balungelelanise isoftware.

Kuthekani ngabantu abaphethe i-Bitcoin eninzi? Abatyali-mali bokuqala, abaye bagcina iikhoyini zabo kwaye abazilahlekanga, ngoku bangabantu abatyebileyo kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba oku kunokwenzeka, kodwa oko akubaniki mpembelelo ingaphezulu kwenkqubo kunabanye, ngokungafaniyo ne-‘proof of stake’ coins apho abamkeli bokuqala abathe batyebile kwimali leyo bafumana izibonelelo ekwenzeni izigqibo nasekuhanjisweni kweemali ezizayo. Oku sele kukhokelele okanye kuya kukhokelela ekubeni izinto zingabi sezandleni zabantu abaninzi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Isiphelo

Ziziphi izoyikiso ezinokuthi ukuba sezandleni zabantu abaninzi zizame ukuzinqanda?

• Urhulumente evala okanye ethintela i-Bitcoin
• Utshintsho olungafunekiyo kwikhowudi oluxhasa iqela elithile lemidla kwi-Bitcoin, umzekelo ukwandisa umvuzo webhloko
• Uxinzelelo lwe-protocol ngurhulumente okanye ngabantu ababi ukuze baphakamise indlela i-protocol esebenza ngayo
• Amandla epuli yabavukuzi ukuthatha ulawulo lwenethiwekhi kwaye 'iphindaphinde' i-Bitcoin – uhlaselo lwe-51%

Njengoko sibona, indibaniselwano yeenodi, abaphuhlisi bekhowudi kunye nabavukuzi, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela ye-‘proof of work’, kwenza ukuba i-Bitcoin isasazwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze ezi zoyikiso zingathathwa njengengxaki enkulu. Uluntu luya kufuneka luqhubeke nokubeka iliso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba oku kuhlala kunjalo.

Ukubiza i-bitcoin okanye ezinye i-crypto njenge “imali” akuchanekanga. Azikho njengeyunithi yokubala: phantse akukho nto ixabisekileyo kuzo... I-bitcoin ayisetyenziswa phantse kwaphela ziinkampani ezisemthethweni njengentlawulo yeempahla neenkonzo
Nouriel Roubini

2.8.0 Intshayelelo

Ugxeko oluhlala lujoliswe kwi-bitcoin kukuba ayamkelwa ngokubanzi njengendlela yokuhlawula kwiwekhonomi jikelele. Olu gxeko ngamanye amaxesha luboniswa ngolu hlobo: “Ukuba ndine-bitcoin, andinakuyisebenzisa naphi na.” Kwiwekhonomi phantse zonke, kuyinyani ukuba bambalwa abathengisi beempahla neenkonzo abamkela i-bitcoin ngokulula njengendlela yokuhlawula.

Ke, ukuba andinakusebenzisa i-bitcoin ukuthenga ikofu evenkileni yam yasekuhlaleni, kuthetha ukuba iyasilela njengemali?

Xa ucinga ngalo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukubuyela umva ucinge ngemisebenzi emithathu ephambili yemali. Zezi:

1. Indawo ethembekileyo yokugcina ixabiso ixesha elide
2. Indlela yamkelekileyo yokutshintshiselana ngexabiso ngeempahla neenkonzo
3. Iyunithi yokubala eyamkelweyo apho iimpahla neenkonzo zinokuxabiswa ngayo

Kumawaka eminyaka, izinto ezininzi (ukusukela kumacici eglasi, amagobolondo, ukuya kwizinyithi ezixabisekileyo) zisetyenziswe njengemali, kuba ziye zanelisa imisebenzi engentla kwabo bazisebenzisayo.

Kodwa, ngaba yonke le misebenzi mithathu yavela ngaxeshanye? Ngaba kufuneka enye yaneliswe phambi kokuba enye iphuhlise?

2.8.1 Ngaba ‘Indlela Yokutshintshiselana’ yeyona misebenzi iphambili yemali?

Ugxeko oluthi “Andinakuthenga ikofu evenkileni yam nge-bitcoin” lubonisa ukuba indlela yokutshintshiselana yeyona misebenzi iphambili yemali. Oku kuvakala kufanelekile kubantu abaninzi kuba, ekugqibeleni, yintoni injongo yemali ukuba amashishini ambalwa kuphela ayamkela njengentlawulo yeempahla neenkonzo?

Kodwa, kuyavakala nokulindela ukuba uluntu kufuneka luthembe ukuba imali ethile iza igcine amandla okuthenga ixesha elide phambi kokuba luzive lukhululekile ukuyamkela njengendlela yokuhlawula.

Ukuba oku kuyinyani, kuthetha ukuba imisebenzi emithathu ephambili yemali ethile ayivelanga ngaxeshanye, kodwa iphuhliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwakhona kubonisa ukuba ‘ukwenza imali’ yinkqubo yokwamkelwa kwemveliso yemali ephuhliswa, njengokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha nobutsha.

Kweli nqaku lakhe libalulekileyo, The Bullish Case for Bitcoin, uVijay Boyapati uchaza ngokweenkcukacha indlela imali ebelisoloko iphuhliswa ngayo ngamanyathelo kwaye kutheni singalindeli ukuba iBitcoin yahluke. Uthi ukuze imali yamkelwe njengendlela yokutshintshiselana, kufuneka kuqala ithembeke njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso.

Kukho ukuxhalaba kwiwekhonomi yemali yale mihla malunga nendima yemali njengendlela yokutshintshiselana. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, urhulumente wathatha ulawulo lokukhupha imali kwaye waqhubeka nokuyenza ingathembeki njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso, nto leyo eyadala inkolelo engachanekanga yokuba imali ichazwa ikakhulu njengendlela yokutshintshiselana. Abaninzi bagxeke iBitcoin ngokuba ingafanelekanga njengemali kuba ixabiso layo belingazinzanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba ifaneleke njengendlela yokutshintshiselana. Oku kubeka inqwelo phambi kwehashe, nangona kunjalo. Imali isoloko iphuhliswa ngamanyathelo, indima yokugcina ixabiso iza phambi kwendima yokutshintshiselana.
Vijay Boyapati

2.8.2 Inkqubo Yokwenza Imali

1. Indawo Yokugcina Ixabiso
2. Indlela Yokutshintshiselana
3. Iyunithi Yokubala

Xa ucinga ngenkqubo yokwenza imali engentla, kufuneka silindele ukuba iBitcoin kufuneka kuqala ifumane ukuthembela ngokubanzi njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso. Oku kuyahambelana namazwi kaSatoshi Nakamoto kwiposti yakhe ye-forum ngomhla we-11 kuFebruwari 2009 eyazisa iBitcoin whitepaper.

Ingxaki ephambili ngemali yesiqhelo kukuthembela okudingekayo ukuze isebenze. Ibhanki ephakathi kufuneka ithembeke ukuba ayizukunciphisa ixabiso lemali, kodwa imbali yemali ye-fiat izele ziziganeko zokophulwa kolu themba.
Satoshi Nakamoto

Ngokubhekisa ngokukodwa kwingxaki yokuba iibhanki eziphakathi zinciphisa ixabiso lemali, uSatoshi ubonisa ukuba ingxaki yokuthembela kwemali ye-fiat yesiqhelo ekugqibeleni ivela ekusileleni kwayo ukusebenza njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso ixesha elide. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba sifuna ukusombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki yokuthembela kwimali ye-fiat, inkqubo enye ephumelelayo kufuneka kuqala ithembeke njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso ixesha elide nangendawo.

Kuyaziwa ngokubanzi kwiimali zemveli ukuba imali yesiqhelo inengxaki yokuthembela njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso. Kukukonakala kwamandla okuthenga kwemali kanye okwenza ukonga ngemali ye-fiat kube lukhetho olubi ixesha elide. Oku kube negalelo ekwandeni okukhulu kweshishini lolawulo lwengcebo kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo njengoko abantu bejika kubaphathi bemali abangengabo urhulumente ukuze babancede bagcine kwaye bandise amandla okuthenga kwaye balwe nemingeni yokuncipha kwemali ye-fiat.

Ilizwe lethu, kunye nayo yonke intando yesininzi eyakha yenzeka, iye yanciphisa ixabiso lemali yayo ngokuhamba kwexesha... Ixesha elide, i-R100,000 ebhankini namhlanje iza kuba yi-R50,000 kwiminyaka eli-17 ezayo... kwaye oko kuqinisekisiwe ukuba kuya kwenzeka
Ron Baron

Ke iBitcoin ikwisiphi isigaba kwinkqubo yokwenza imali ngoku?

Ngexesha lokubhala oku, inethiwekhi yeBitcoin sele isebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 kwaye inani leedilesi ze-wallet ezigcina ngaphezulu kwe-R20 sele lifikelela malunga nezigidi ezingama-50. Akunakuba nesiqinisekiso sokuba oku kuthetha abasebenzisi abangaphi kuba umsebenzisi omnye angalawula iidilesi ezininzi kwaye idilesi enye (egcinwe ziindawo zokutshintshiselana okanye iifandisi) ingagcina imali yabasebenzisi abaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba inani labanini be-bitcoin lingaphezulu kwe-izigidi ezili-100.

NgoJanuwari 2024 kwabakho ukwaziswa kwe-spot Bitcoin Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). Abathengi bale mali babona utyalo-mali lwabo ludityaniswa kwiidilesi ze-wallet eziqhelekileyo ngumgcini-mali omiselweyo. Ngoko ke, njengoko i-spot Bitcoin ETFs zikhula kwiiasethi eziphantsi kolawulo, kulindeleke ukuba inani labantu abanotyalo-mali kwi-bitcoin lonyuke kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba kubekho ukwanda okufanayo kwinani leedilesi ze-wallet.

Okwangoku, xa kuthelekiswa nenani labemi behlabathi, inani labanini be-bitcoin lincinci. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyakhula kakhulu kwaye, njengoko inani labanini be-bitcoin lonyuka, kulindeleke ukuba ixabiso le-bitcoin elibhalwe ngemali ye-fiat linyuke, ngenxa yokuba inani le-bitcoin lilinganiselwe.

Ukusukela oko yaqalayo ngo-2009, i-bitcoin ibikwiimeko zokuqhubeka ‘kufunyanwa ixabiso’ njengoko inani labanini lonyukile kwaye imali eninzi ifakwe kwinethiwekhi. Ukusukela ngo-2009, ixabiso lenethiwekhi linyuke ukusuka ku-zero ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-R20 Trillion. Nangona le nyuka imangalisayo, abaninzi babanini babonakala bengafuni ukuthengisa okanye ukurhweba nge-bitcoin yabo.

Ngokuhlalutya i-ledger ye-bitcoin, kungabonakala ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-70% yonke i-bitcoin igcinwa ngabantu abanini bexesha elide. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwabanini bonwabile ukuhlala kwaye bangathengisi okanye basebenzise i-bitcoin yabo. Ngenxa yokunyuka okukhulu kwamandla okuthenga kwe-bitcoin ukusukela oko yaqalayo, kulindeleke ukuba uninzi lwabanini balindele ukuba i-bitcoin ixabiseke ngakumbi kwaye oku kuchaphazela isigqibo sabo sokuqhubeka nokugcina kwaye bangayisebenzisi.

2.8.3 Umthetho kaGresham

Ukukhetha kwabanini be-bitcoin ukugcina endaweni yokusebenzisa i-bitcoin yabo nako kungajongwa ngokwemiqathango yoMthetho kaGresham.

Umthetho kaGresham ngumgaqo wemali othi ‘imali embi ikhupha imali elungileyo.’ Lo mgaqo uthatha igama lakhe kumrhwebi-mali uThomas Gresham kunye nencam yakhe kuKumkanikazi uElizabeth I phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 ukuba angaphindi anciphise ixabiso lemali ngokunciphisa isixa sesinyithi esixabisekileyo kwiinkozo zemali.

Umthetho kaGresham ngumqondo wokuba imali elungileyo (imali egcina ixabiso layo ngokuzinzileyo) iya kukhutshelwa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa yimali embi (imali engagcini ixabiso layo kakuhle).

Imali embi ithathwa njengexabiso elincinci kwixesha elide xa ithelekiswa nexabiso layo elibhaliweyo, ngelixa imali elungileyo yimali ekholelwa ukuba inamandla okuba ixabiso layo lingakhula lidlule elibhaliweyo. Ngokwengqiqo, abantu bakhetha ukwenza urhwebo besebenzisa imali embi baze bagcine imali elungileyo kuba kulindeleke ukuba imali elungileyo inyuke amandla okuthenga ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukungathandi kwabanini be-bitcoin ukusebenzisa i-bitcoin yabo kunye nokukhetha ukusebenzisa imali ye-fiat yemveli endaweni yayo xa bethenga iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kwihlabathi lokwenyani kungathathwa njengokusebenza koMthetho kaGresham.

Njengoko imali ye-fiat iqhubeka nokuphulukana namandla okuthenga, iba 'yipotato eshushu' yemali. Kwiqoqosho elinotshintsho-mali oluphezulu, abantu bayakhuthazwa ukuba bayichithe ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa imali elungileyo inezinto ezilungileyo zokugcina ixabiso ezikhuthaza ukonga endaweni yokuchitha.

2.8.4 I-Bitcoin ayikabikho kwikofu – okwangoku.

Ukugqiba, i-bitcoin ayinakungena ngokwenene kwisigaba apho yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengendlela yokutshintshiselana de kufezekiswe isigaba sokuba 'yindawo yokugcina ixabiso' kwinkqubo yemali ye-bitcoin. Ukuze oku kufezekiswe, imarike kufuneka ingagqithi nje ekuthembeni ukuba i-bitcoin isebenza njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso. Endaweni yoko, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bonwabe ukuba ixabiso le-bitcoin lifikelele kwinqanaba apho amathuba okunyuka sele eqala ukucotha, ukuze bazive bekhululekile ukuyisebenzisa ukuthenga iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kwiqoqosho lokwenyani. Ukungathandi kwabanini bexesha elide ukuchitha i-bitcoin yabo kumaxabiso akhoyo ngoku kubonisa ukuba asikafiki kwelo nqanaba. Inyaniso, kusenokuba kusekude, mhlawumbi iminyaka emininzi okanye amashumi eminyaka.

Ngoko ke, kufuneka silindele ukuba imali elungileyo (bitcoin) iya kugcinwa, kwaye imali embi (fiat) ichithwe. Njengoko imali ye-fiat iqhubeka nokwehla amandla okuthenga, i-bitcoin iba nomtsalane ngakumbi njengendlela yokonga.

Nangona kunjalo, njengoko inani elikhulu labemi likhetha ukonga kwi-bitcoin, kunokwenzeka ukuba sibone uqoqosho olupheleleyo lutshintsha ngokukhawuleza lusisebenzisa njengendlela yokutshintshiselana. Olu tshintsho lunokukhawuleza njengoko iimpawu zemali ezilungileyo ze-bitcoin xa zithelekiswa ne-fiat ziqondwa ngokubanzi kwaye i-fiat ingathandwa kangako ngabathengisi beempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Itekhnoloji nayo iza kudlala indima kolu tshintsho. I-Lightning Network – 'umaleko wesibini' owakhiwe phezu kweprotocol ye-Bitcoin – yasungulwa ngo-2018 ngenjongo yokuvumela iintlawulo ezincinci ze-bitcoin ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzigqiba e-ledger okanye kwi-blockchain engundoqo. Nangona i-Lightning Network isesemva kakhulu kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kusenokuba kusekude, ubungqina bokuba isetyenziswa kwiintlawulo ezincinci buyanda. Kuyakhuthaza nokubona ukukhutshwa kwezicelo ezintsha ezisebenza kwi-Lightning ezilula ukusebenza kwayo kwaye ziphucula amava omsebenzisi.

Okwangoku, i-bitcoin ayikabikho yokuchitha ekofini yakho yasekuseni, yile mali yakho ye-fiat ehlaziyiweyo oyisebenzisayo.

Amanqaku

1. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokulinganisa inani labanini be-Bitcoin kukujonga imali egcinwe kwiidilesi ezahlukeneyo. Ngo-2023, uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba kukho abantu abayi-106 million abanayo i-Bitcoin.https://buybitcoinworldwide.com/how-many-bitcoin-users/
2. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga yabanini be-bitcoin, ukuba umthengisi uyayamkela i-bitcoin kwaye angathanda ukuyifumana, umthengi angasebenzisa indlela ethi 'chitha uze ubuyisele'. Oko kukuthi, achithe i-bitcoin yakhe kumthengisi aze ayibuyisele ngokukhawuleza ngokuthenga i-bitcoin ngemali ye-fiat.
3. Le meko ichazwa nguMthetho kaThiers, othi imali elungileyo ikhuphe imali embi kwaye ke iyachasana noMthetho kaGresham. UMthetho kaThiers usebenza xa imali yasekhaya ilahlekelwa ngamandla okuthenga kangangokuba abathengisi abasayifuni ukuyamkela njengendlela yokuhlawula. Ngelo xesha, baya kwamkela kuphela imali elungileyo, ngoko ke uMthetho kaGresham awusasebenzi.

Enye yezizathu ezixhasayo zemali yedijithali (CBDC) ngokukodwa - awuzukufuna i-stablecoins (kwaye) awuzukufuna i-cryptocurrencies ukuba unemali yedijithali yase-US
Jerome Powell

2.9.0 Intshayelelo

Inkxalabo eqhelekileyo ephakanyiswa ngabo baqalayo kwiBitcoin kukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwaziswa kweMali yeBhanki Ephakathi yedijithali (CBDC) kunganciphisa okanye kuchaphazele kakubi inethiwekhi yeBitcoin.

Ngaba akusayi kubakho mfuneko yeBitcoin phakathi kwabantu ngokubanzi ukuba kukho enye indlela exhaswa ngurhulumente esebenzisa itekhnoloji efanayo evumela abasebenzisi ukuba badlulise ixabiso kwangoko nangokhuseleko? Lo ngumbuzo oluncedo kubafundisi, kuba ukuphendula kwawo kungena entliziyweni yokuba kutheni iBitcoin ikhona. Kodwa, masijonge ngokusondeleyo ukuba yintoni iCBDC.

2.9.1 Ulwakhiwo lweCBDC

Ulwakhiwo oluchanekileyo lweCBDC lunokwahluka ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwelinye. I-CBDC ayithethi nje imali yedijithali ekhutshelwa ngurhulumente - uninzi lwemali ye-fiat esetyenziswa namhlanje sele ikhona ngendlela yedijithali ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zebhanki zasekhaya, ngelixa amaphepha-mali kunye neengqekembe zomzimba zimele inxalenye encinci yemali eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa.

Umahluko ophambili kwiCBDC kukuba oorhulumente baza kufuna ukusebenzisa eminye yetekhnoloji esele isetyenziswa kwindawo ye-cryptocurrency, efana nokhuseleko lwe-cryptographic kunye ne-ledgers ezisasazekileyo. Ngokwe-theory ubuncinane, oku kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba bakhe indlela yokuhlawula enika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngexesha langempela malunga notshintshiselwano, kudityaniswe namandla okuhlela nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali phakathi kwabemi.

Kwindawo yeCBDC, umsebenzisi – onokuba ngumhlali okanye ishishini – angaba neakhawunti yemali yedijithali ngqo nebhanki ephakathi okanye urhulumente welo lizwe. Umsebenzisi angasebenzisana nale akhawunti nge-wallet yedijithali yakhe. Ewe kunjalo, olu tshintsho luza kuvusa inkxalabo phakathi kweekhonkco zemveli zebhanki ezinemisebenzi yokwenza imali ijikeleze kuqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe amaninzi anokungenisa iCBDC ngokusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo neebhanki zemveli ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisagcina indima enkulu.

2.9.2 Kutheni urhulumente enokufuna iCBDC?

Kufanelekile ukusitsho ukuba umgudu wokuphumeza iCBDC, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye, sisiphumo sempumelelo yenethiwekhi yeBitcoin. IBitcoin ibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka, kusetyenziswa i-ledger esasazekileyo, ukudlulisa ixabiso kwihlabathi liphela, umntu nomntu, ngaphandle kwemvume yomntu wesithathu, oko kukuthi, ibhanki. Kwintetho yakhe kwiLondon School of Economics ngoMatshi 2016, uSekela Mongameli weBhanki yaseNgilani wakhankanya ukuba iBitcoin ibe sisikhuthazo kuphando lweCBDC.

Eyona nto iphambili apha kukuba izinto ezintsha ezibalulekileyo kwiBitcoin azikho kwiyunithi enye yokubala – kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba, ngokubanzi, siza kuhlawula izinto ngeebitcoin, endaweni yeepawundi, ii-euro okanye ii-randi – kodwa itekhnoloji yayo yokuhlala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"distributed ledger". Oku kuvumela ukuba utshintshiselwano lube ngqinisisiweyo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yomntu wesithathu othembekileyo.Inokuba luncedo xa kungekho ziko linjalo kwaye xa ukuqinisekisa olo lwazi kwinqanaba lamazwe amaninzi kubiza kakhulu. Ukwenza njengomntu wesithathu othembekileyo yile nto kanye ibhanki ephakathi eyenzayo. Isebenza loo ndima kuphela kwiasethi ethile, imali yebhanki ephakathi (oko kukuthi, iidiphozithi ezigcinwa ikakhulu ziibhanki zorhwebo kwiBhanki Ephakathi). Kodwa lo msebenzi ungene entliziyweni yento eyenziwa ziibhanki eziphakathi nendlela ezavela ngayo.Kwaye ukuba imali yedijithali yabucala isebenzisa itekhnoloji ukutshintsha umntu wesithathu ocacisa utshintshiselwano, iBhanki Ephakathi iya kwenza ngokuchaseneyo.
Jim Broadbent

Ngelixa iBitcoin ibonise ihlabathi ukuba ukuhlaliswa okungaphakathi kwihlabathi liphela kunokwenzeka, ikwabonise neebhanki eziphakathi ukuba kufuneka ziphendule kwaye ziphuhlise itekhnoloji ekhuphisana nayo okanye zilahlekelwe lulawulo kwinkqubo yemali. Ikwavule nezinye iindlela; ukuba urhulumente okanye ibhanki ephakathi inofikelelo olungenamda kwi-ledger epheleleyo yotshintshiselwano lwemali, oku kuvula umnyango wokongamela kakhulu inkcitho yabemi, kwaye, mhlawumbi, amandla okulawula indlela abathenga ngayo.

Ngemali, asazi ukuba ngubani osebenzisa ibhili ye-100 yeerandi namhlanje; asazi ukuba ngubani osebenzisa ibhili ye-1000 yeerandi namhlanje. Umahluko ophambili kwiCBDC kukuba ibhanki ephakathi iya kuba nolawulo olupheleleyo kwimigaqo nemithetho eya kugqiba ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela yemali yebhanki ephakathi. Kwaye siza kuba netekhnoloji yokunyanzelisa loo nto.
Augustin Carstens

Umnqweno wokuphanda indlela iCBDC enokuthi ilungiselelwe njengesi sixhobo sokongamela ngakumbi nokulawula, utsala kakhulu oorhulumente abathanda imigaqo engqongqo. Oku kunjalo eTshayina, apho iprojekthi yeCBDC isasazeka kancinci kancinci kwaye ivavanywa kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa amanqaku okuziphatha koluntu.

Ngokwe-theory, iCBDC enokulungiswa ingasetyenziswa ukukhuthaza okanye ukunqanda ezinye iintlobo zokuthenga, 'ukutyhala' abemi ukuba benze izinto ezifunwa ngurhulumente. Ukongeza, ingavumela ngokulula ukuhlawulwa kwenkxaso-mali yolawulo okanye ukwaziswa kwemivuzo esisiseko kubo bonke abemi. Amapolisa okanye iinkundla zinokurhoxisa ngokuzenzekelayo izohlwayo okanye zisuse amandla okuthengiselana ngokupheleleyo.

Ukusuka kwicala loqoqosho, kungabakho imirhumo eyahlukeneyo yenzala okanye yerhafu ngokujolisa, ukuze kulawulwe indlela abemi abaziphatha ngayo. Umzekelo, inguqulelo yeCBDC ingalungiselelwa ukuba iphelelwe lixesha ngomhla othile okanye idityaniswe nenqanaba lenzala elingalunganga. Ezi 'mpawu' ziya kukhuthaza ukungagcini mali kwaye zikhuthaze inkcitho yabathengi eqoqosheni njengoko kulawulwa. Ukongeza, inokuba nenxalenye esekwe kwindawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali ayitshintshaniswa ngumhlali ohamba ngaphaya kommandla ovumelekileyo, njengoko kubizwa 'izixeko zemizuzu eli-15'.

Kodwa, kumazwe angengobugwenxa kwaye anenkululeko, ukusungulwa kweCBDC enale misebenzi kunokudibana nokuchasana kwezopolitiko, ngakumbi malunga nokuncitshiswa kwenkululeko namalungelo oluntu. Nangona kunjalo, oko akukhuphi ngaphandle ukwaziswa kancinci kancinci; imbali isixelela ukuba ngexesha 'lengxaki' (umzekelo, imfazwe okanye ubhubhane), abemi bakulungele ngakumbi ukwamkela amanyathelo angqongqo 'ngenxa yoluntu'. Ngokuyisiseko, kufuneka siqwalasele ukwaziswa kweCBDC njengenyathelo elilandelayo ekulahlekelweni kwenkululeko yokuthengiselana nemfihlo yemali eqale xa uqoqosho lwatshintsha kancinci ukusuka kwiintengiselwano zemali ukuya kwiikhadi zetyala nebhanki.

2.9.3 Ukwaziswa kweCBDC okukhoyo ngoku

Ngexesha lokubhala, kukho ngaphezulu kweprojekthi yeCBDC elikhulu elikhulu kwihlabathi liphela kwinqanaba elahlukeneyo lokucwangciswa nokuphunyezwa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zintandathu kuphela iCBDC ezisungulwe ngokusemthethweni: Digital renminbi (eTshayina); DCash (Eastern Caribbean); Sand Dollar (Bahamas); e-Naira (Nigeria); JamDex (Jamaica); kunye neDigital Ruble (Russia).

Ngokwaziswa kwayo kokuqala ngo-2020, iTshayina inokuba yeyona iphambili ekwaziseni iCBDC kwaye inabasebenzisi abaninzi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iseseleli kwinqanaba lovavanyo, isasazeka kancinci kancinci kwimimandla ethile nakwiintlawulo zemivuzo kwiinkampani ezithile zorhulumente.

I-Eurozone, i-UK kunye ne-US kuthiwa zikwimigudu eyahlukeneyo yokucwangcisa, ngelixa i-US ibonakala ingekho semngciphekweni wokuhamba phambili kwixesha eliphakathi ngenxa yokuchasana kwezopolitiko okukhulu, ikakhulu okuvela kwiQela lamaRiphabhlikhi.

2.9.4 Ngaba iCBDC ikhuphisana neBitcoin?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kuyanceda ukubuyela umva kancinci kwaye siqwalasele isizathu esiphambili sokuba iBitcoin yadalwa. Kwiposti yakhe yokuqala ye-blog ehamba ne-white paper yeBitcoin, uSatoshi Nakamoto wakhankanya ngokuthe ngqo ingxaki yokuthembela kwiibhanki eziphakathi. Kwaye, ngakumbi, indlela yokwandiswa kwemali ngaphandle komda konakalisa ukuthembela kwethu kwiBhanki Ephakathi ukuba ingonakalisi amandla okuthenga kwemali eqhelekileyo.

Ngesi sizathu, iBitcoin yadalwa inomda onzima we-21 yezigidi, enokwahlulwa ibe ziziqwenga ezili-100 lezigidi kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, iBitcoin yadalwa ukuba ibe yimali enzima enqabileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Xa kuthelekiswa, oorhulumente banokudumisa iimpawu zeCDBC njengendlela 'elula, ekhawulezayo nekhuselekileyo' yokutshintshiselana ngemali kwiimpahla neenkonzo kuqoqosho lwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Inene, kunokubakho ukuphuculwa okukhulu kwisantya neendleko zotshintshiselwano xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yebhanki yakudala. Abaxhasi banokuthi ukongamela okwandisiweyo kwiintengiselwano zemali kuyinto elungileyo, kuba kuvumela ukufunyanwa kwemali evela kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuxhaswa kobugrogrisi kube lula. Amagunya anokunikela ngesikhuthazo semali simahla kubasebenzisi bokuqala bale teknoloji intsha.

Nangona kunjalo, nayiphi na iCBDC iya kuhlala inengxaki ephambili yemali ye-fiat. Ayinayo imida yokubonelela kwaye ke ngoko iya kuncipha kumandla okuthenga ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ayisiyo mali enzima kwaye ayinakusebenza njengendlela yokugcina imali ixesha elide. Ngenxa yoko, ingxaki ephambili yokuthembela kwiBhanki Ephakathi (ukuba ingayithobeli imali kwaye ingonakalisi amandla okuthenga) isekhona.

Ukongeza, xa uthelekisa ukusebenza kweCBDC neBitcoin, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba iBitcoin ayifuni mvume kwaye utshintsho kwiprotokholi lunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvumelwano yenethiwekhi yonke. Ngenxa yoko, naluphi na uhlobo lokucinezela ukusetyenziswa koluntu kweCBDC olunyanzeliswa ngurhulumente alunakusetyenziswa kwiBitcoin.

Ukumelana kweBitcoin nokucinezela kukwaphaya kwemida yamazwe. I-CBDC ekhutshelwa lilizwe (okanye iqela lamazwe afana ne-EU) inokwenzeka ukuba itshintshiselwe kwenye imali yelizwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela zemarike yemali yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, olu tshintshiselwano lunokubiza imali okanye lube nemiqobo kwinkqubo yebhanki yakudala okanye lube phantsi kolawulo lwemali. IBitcoin, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayinakuchaphazeleka kwezi zithintelo kuba ayixhomekekanga kwindawo.

2.9.5 Ulindelo lokwaziswa kweCBDC

Ukugqiba, nangona kukho amabango angenakuphepheka okokuba iCBDC 'ixhaswe ngurhulumente' kwaye iza kusebenzisa itekhnoloji efanayo neBitcoin, efana ne-ledgers ezisasazekileyo, i-blockchain kunye nokhuseleko lwe-cryptographic, iCBDC isese 'fiat yedijithali'. Ngenxa yoko, ayiphumelelanga kwinto abaninzi abayithathela ingqalelo njengomsebenzi ophambili wemali - ukugcina ixabiso elizinzileyo, ixesha elide nangaphezulu kwendawo.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka silindele oorhulumente ukuba baqhubeke nokuphumeza iCBDC, kwaye ezi ziya kuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zezopolitiko kummandla ngamnye. Ezinye iindlela zinokuba nenqanaba elincinci kakhulu lokongamela kunye nokulawula indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo, ngelixa ezinye, ngakumbi kumazwe anolawulo olungqongqo, zinokugxila ngakumbi kwezi nxalenye.

Ngenxa yokuba ukwanda kokubekelwa iliso ngurhulumente kunye nolawulo luyimpikiswano kumazwe anenkululeko, sinokulindela ukuba uphuhliso luqhubeke kancinci kwamanye amazwe. Kufanelekile kwakhona ukuqaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-CBDC kwilizwe lonke ngumsebenzi omkhulu we-IT ogcwele imingcipheko yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, onokuba neziphumo ezinzulu xa kukho ukusilela kwenkqubo. Ukongeza, kukho ithuba lokuba kubekho iziphumo zoqoqosho ezingalindelekanga ezinzulu ukuba abayili bayilibale okanye bangenzi lungiselelo kwiziganeko zoqoqosho ezingaqhelekanga.

Kumazwe ase-US, ukuze kuncitshiswe eminye imingcipheko, urhulumente angacinga ngokusebenzisa i-stablecoin yeedola esele ikhona evela kwicandelo labucala (njenge-Circle okanye i-Tether) njenge-CBDC.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-CBDC kunokuthi kube luncedo kwi-Bitcoin – njengoko abasebenzisi beqhelana ngakumbi nokusebenzisa iiwallet zedijithali zasekhaya ukugcina imali yedijithali, oku kunokubakhuthaza ukuba bathelekise iimpawu zemali ye-Bitcoin neze-CBDC. Singalindela ukuba ulwazi ngokubanzi lweempawu ezilungileyo ze-Bitcoin njenge 'store of value' luya kuphucuka. Ewe kunjalo, amanye amazwe anokuphendula ngokuthintela iindlela zokungena kwi-Bitcoin network, ngenjongo yokuthintela abemi ukuba baphume kwinkqubo ye-CBDC.

Kumazwe anolawulo olungqongqo, i-CBDC yinzuzo enkulu kurhulumente njengesixhobo sokubeka iliso ngakumbi kunye nokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kwabemi. Nangona kunjalo, abemi bamazwe anenkululeko ngakumbi nabathobela inkululeko kufuneka bahlale beqaphile ekunciphiseni inkululeko okungafihlanga okungenziwa bubuchwepheshe obusemva kwe-CBDC.

2.10.0 Intshayelelo

Umbuzo oqhelekileyo ophakanyiswa ngabo basandula ukuva ngoBitcoin ujonge ekubeni le teknoloji iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani. Iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani? Ngaba iza kugqithwa yenye iteknoloji enokuba 'ngemali engcono'? Ngaba iBitcoin iza kuphelelwa sisidingo ngenxa yokhuphiswano?

Kubafundi botyalo-mali kwitekhnoloji okanye imbali, le mibuzo inengqiqo. Kukho imizekelo emininzi yeetekhnoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ezazidumile kakhulu kodwa ekugqibeleni zagqithwa ziimveliso ezikhuphisanayo.

Abangavumiyo iBitcoin banokukhumbuza ngendawo enkulu eyayiphethwe yi-IBM kwimarike yeekhompyutha zabantu, eyaphulwa kukuphuma kweMicrosoft Windows. Kwicandelo leemfono ephathwayo, zombini iNokia neBlackberry zazibonakala ngathi azinakoyiswa kwiimarike ezijolise kuzo, de kwavela iApple kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisa iGoogle Android, ezazisa imakethi ye-smartphone kwicala elitsha. Nakwimidiya yoluntu, eseyinto entsha, sibone utshintsho olukhulu xa iMyspace neBebo zagqithwa yiFacebook nabanye.

Ngaba iBitcoin iza kufumana isiphelo esifanayo? Ngaba ikhona enye itekhnoloji elindeleyo enokuthi isebenze ngcono njengemali?

2.10.1 Ukubuyela umva - ubume beBitcoin

Xa sicinga ngobude bexesha iBitcoin iza kuphila ngalo, kuyanceda ukubuyela umva ucinge ngobume beBitcoin ngokwayo.

I-Bitcoin ayisiyomveliso, ayisiyonkonzo okanye inkampani. Ayinayo i-CEO, iBhodi yabaLawuli, isebe lentengiso, iqela loyilo elilodwa, abanini zabelo, okanye abasebenzi. Ayifuni mali yokuqala okanye inkxaso-mali evela kwiinkampani zotyalo-mali.

I-Bitcoin ayinazo ezi zinto kuba ayizidingi. I-Bitcoin, ngokulula, yitekhnoloji. Yitekhnoloji entsha esebenzisa imathematika esele ivunyiwe idityaniswe nokusebenzisa amandla omzimba. Itholakala kuwo wonke umntu, ivulekile, icacile, kwaye ifumaneka kwihlabathi lonke, nangaliphi na ixesha.

Ezi mpawu zenza abanye bacinge ukuba iBitcoin ifana nokufunyanwa kwesayensi ebalulekileyo endaweni yokuba ibe yimveliso okanye inkonzo entsha.

2.10.2 Ukufunyanwa kweBitcoin

Ke, ukuba iBitcoin yinto entsha efunyenweyo, yintoni kanye kanye efunyenweyo?

I-Bitcoin imele ukufunyanwa kokunqongophala okungqongqo kwimathematika. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-bitcoin njengempahla ihlala inqabile kwaye umda wayo opheleleyo we-21 million awudluli, uSatoshi Nakamoto wayila inethiwekhi ukuze i-bitcoin ingakwazi 'ukuphindwa isetyenziswe'.

Eyona nto iphambili eyenziwa nguSatoshi Nakamoto yayikukuphuhlisa inkqubo ethintela umthumeli wexabiso ledijithali ekukopisheni okanye ekuphindaphindeni ukuthumela. Ukuhlaliswa kwenethiwekhi kwenza ukuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bazi ukuba i-bitcoin idluliselwe kumntu A ukuya kumntu B. Ukongeza, naliphi na izama lika-A lokuphinda athumele elo xabiso kwintengiselwano entsha liya kugatywa yiyo yonke inethiwekhi.

Ke, iBitcoin ingacingelwa njengokusetyenziswa kokufunyanwa kokunqongophala okungqongqo kwimathematika. Ukugcina kunye nokudlulisa ixabiso kwinethiwekhi evulekileyo nehlabathi jikelele mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela icacileyo yokusebenzisa olu funyanwa.

Ukunqongophala okungqongqo kwimathematika bekungazange kubekho ngendlela esebenzisekayo phambi kweBitcoin, kwaye kuSatoshi Nakamoto, kwakuyimfuneko ukufumana oku ukuze kwenziwe inkqubo yemali entsha engaphantsi korhulumente. Oku kufana nomsebenzi omkhulu ka-Isaac Newton kwi-calculus, awayewenza ukuze akwazi ukuphuhlisa ithiyori ezintsha malunga nentshukumo, umxhuzulane kunye nemishini.

Izinto ezinkulu ezifana nevili, umbane, i-trigonometry, imithetho ye-thermodynamics okanye imigaqo yokubhabha zenzeka kube kanye kuphuhliso loluntu. Ezo zinto zisekhona nokuba zamkelwe okanye zingahoywanga. Umfundisi weBitcoin uKnut Svanholm uchaza apha ngezantsi ukuba ukufunyanwa kokunqongophala kwimathematika kunokuthathwa njengento eyenzeka kube kanye.

Ukunqongophala okungqongqo kwimathematika, okufezekiswa ngengxoxo-mpikiswano kwinethiwekhi eyaneleyo yokwahlulwa-hlulwa, bekuyinto EFUNYENWEYO, hayi eyadalwayo. Ayinakuphinda ifezekiswe kwakhona yinkqubo yabathathi-nxaxheba abazi ngolu funyanwa, kuba kanye into efunyenweyo yayikukuchasana nokuphindaphindwa ngokwalo.
Knut Svanholm

Ukubona iBitcoin njengento efunyenweyo kwenza ukuba isazisi sikaSatoshi Nakamoto singabalulekanga. Umzekelo, asifuni ukuthembela ukuba ngubani uPythagoras, okanye ukuba wayenamigaqo yokuziphatha enjani. Akubalulekanga kuba iTheorem kaPythagoras ingaqinisekiswa ngephepha nepensile, ngendlela efanayo nenethiwekhi yeBitcoin enokuqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa ikhowudi evulekileyo.

2.10.3 Ngaba ikhona iBitcoin engcono phaya ngaphandle?

Abanye abagxeki beBitcoin bathi le teknoloji sele indala kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba iza kuphelelwa sisidingo ngenxa yemali entsha yedijithali okanye inethiwekhi entsha. Ezi ngxelo zihlala zisenziwa ngabo benza okanye baxhasa iimali zedijithali ezikhuphisanayo - bathi banayo 'iBitcoin engcono'.

Rhoqo xa le ngxelo yenziwa, kufuneka ithathwe njengohlaselo kwiBitcoin. Olu hlaselo kufuneka lwamkelwe, kuba alunakuphepheka kwaye luyimfuneko. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini edlulileyo sibone ukuvela kweenethiwekhi ezininzi zeemali zedijithali ezikhuphisanayo. Kwaye, akukho nanye eze yakwazi ukulingana neBitcoin ngokuxabiseka, ukuthembeka okanye impembelelo yenethiwekhi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke ezi zoyikiso ziye zasilela, nto leyo eqinisekisa ngakumbi ukuba iBitcoin ayinakuphelelwa sisidingo.

Yonke imihla idlulayo kwaye iBitcoin ayikawi ngenxa yeengxaki zomthetho okanye zobugcisa, iletha ulwazi olutsha kwimarike. Iyongeza amathuba okuphumelela kweBitcoin ekugqibeleni kwaye inika isizathu sokuba ixabiso layo linyuke.
Hal Finney

Abaxhasi bezinye iimali zedijithali ngamanye amaxesha bayakhala ukuba ikhowudi ephambili yeBitcoin ayinazo ezinye izinto ezifana nenkxaso ye-smart contracts okanye ezinye ii-applications ze-'Web3'. Oku akufanele kube yinkxalabo kuba iBitcoin ijolise kwinjongo enye - imali. Le njongo yemali ixabisa amakhulu ezigidi ze-euro kwihlabathi lonke. Emva kweminyaka eli-15 yokusebenza okuthembekileyo, iBitcoin ibonise ukuba yeyona nethiwekhi nemigaqo yemali yedijithali iphambili. Kubonakala ngathi iphumelele kwinjongo yemali. Kwaye, kokukhona le meko iqhubeka, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba iya kuqhubeka. Le nto yaziwa njengeLindy Effect.

I-Lindy Effect ithi ubude bobomi bento engapheliyo bonyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha elikhoyo ngoku.

I-Bitcoin, sele ineminyaka engaphezu kwe-15, ime yodwa njengonethiwekhi yemali ethembekileyo, yehlabathi, engaphantsi korhulumente. Njengoko iintengiselwano ezintsha ziqinisekiswa, iibhloko ezintsha zimgqunywa zongezwa kwincwadi, ukuzithemba kwehlabathi kwinethiwekhi kuya kusanda. Olu zithembiso luphucukileyo lwenza umjikelo ozizimeleyo, onceda ukwandisa ixesha abasebenzisi bonwabile ukugcina ubutyebi babo kwinethiwekhi.

2.10.4 IBitcoin ngumgaqo-nkqubo

I-Bitcoin ihlala ichazwa hayi nje njengexabiso le-intanethi, kodwa njenge 'intanethi yexabiso'. Isizathu sokuba le nkcazo ithandwe ngabaninzi kukuba ithetha ngobume bobugcisa be-software yemigaqo ye-intanethi.

Isofthiwe elawula unxibelelwano oluse-intanethi yenziwe ngothotho okanye 'inqwaba' yemigaqo-nkqubo, eyakhiwe ngamanqanaba. Umaleko osisiseko, i-Internet Protocol (IP), kunye neTransmission Control Protocol (TCP), zidityaniswa ukuchaza imithetho yokuba iipakethi zedatha zihamba njani kwinethiwekhi. Ngaphezulu kweTCP/IP kukho imigaqo-nkqubo 'yomaleko wezicelo' echaza imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezithile, umzekelo, iFTP yokudlulisa iifayile, iSMTP ye-imeyile kunye neHTTP yonxibelelwano lwe-browser.

Le migaqo-nkqubo sele ineminyaka emininzi kwaye ayibonisi uphawu lokutshintshwa. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba inqwaba ye-intanethi ingatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngaba ishishini kufuneka likuphephe ukutyala imali kwiitekhnoloji ezisekwe kwi-intanethi ngenxa yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvele into entsha?

Uhlaziyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo luqhelekile. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-intanethi HTTP wandiswa ngeminyaka yoo-1990s ukuze usebenzise i-encryption yonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo kwaye waba yiHTTPS. Ngokufanayo, kufuneka silindele ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo weBitcoin uza kwamkela uphuculo kwixesha elizayo, umzekelo, ukuphucula ubumfihlo okanye ukhuseleko.

Ngaphandle kokuba yeyona nethiwekhi yemali evulekileyo, engaphantsi korhulumente, iBitcoin ikwangumgaqo-nkqubo okanye imithetho yokudlulisa ixabiso. Ayisiyomveliso yabucala.

I-Bitcoin ikwangokusetyenziswa kokufunyanwa, oko kukunqongophala okungqongqo kwimathematika. Iphumelela kwinjongo yemali kuba ihleli ilula, ikhuselekile kwaye iyaziwa kakuhle iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ofana neBitcoin ngumthetho wonxibelelwano ngendlela efanayo nolwimi oluthethwayo olungumthetho. Nangona lungatshintsha kwaye luhlengahlengiswe kwiimeko ezintsha, ulwimi oluthethwayo luhlala lukhona amakhulu eminyaka.

I-Bitcoin nayo iza kuhlengahlengiswa kuba yitekhnoloji evulekileyo ezamkela uphuculo xa uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba benethiwekhi lufuna oko.

Bitcoin is the new Bitcoin
Andreas Antonopoulos